Are humans really more evolved?

Human as a dominant organism on earth become habitual of thinking in dominance. They declared themselves as super creature. Surely, men have many characteristics and features distinctive of them but there are characters that men share with other creatures. Men used similarities and differences in all observable things and based on them they have classified all things they know or have observed. This is the main methodology almost in all fields of knowledge. This is particularly true for science. These common characteristics reveal al lot about human but there is controversy about thinking strategies. As men declared themselves as super-creature so they don’t allow themselves to be compared with creatures and organism that are less evolved than them. Surely! This behavior is expected from a dominant creature but besides men is rational beings and they love learning, so they are always in quest for new understanding.

We can disagree with evolutionists but it is fact that evolution provides a thinking methodology especially through comparative studies. Spiritual ones believe men are centre of universe and what exist in universe, exist in men. Even thinking in this spiritualist line, again evolution is a helpful tool in understanding how all in nature concentrate in men and how men are super creature.

Social men and Social ants: Certainly human is super creature but again there are examples in nature make us surprise when we compare with human. One such strange example of nature is social structure of ants. Men have the most advanced and complex social structures with specialized structures for human health. We have health ministries, Medical colleges, universities and research organizations in health, well established multinational companies that research and massively produce health products for global distributions, Hospitals, clinics and conventional and unconventional health facilities. We educate ourselves and our children in schools, colleges and universities through formal educations and citizens through informal educations using every media to improve human health but again health is the most expensive and serious social problems even in most advanced countries like USA, where presidential candidates make health insurance as the basis of their election campaigns.

The most basic thing in health education is balanced diet or healthy nutrition. We know well that balanced diet of is categorized according to mass to height ratio. Surely, the balanced diet of an infant is not balanced for a hard working adult. Similarly, the nutrition that a growing boy requires is different from an office holder. In most human families the family members eat together and eat what will be prepared by home maid. It may be a mother, a sister, a wife, a cook or any individual linked with family. Children, parents of any age and gender and profession eat the same diet. Those with jobs that require less physical and mental works get obese and those growing children and hard workers get under nourished. The diet of family also influenced by likes and dislikes and get imbalanced.

Contrary to us, ants have well developed and more evolved nutrition system. They have nurses that prepare special foods according to the requirements and needs of every social group. Queen, larvae, workers and knights all have different food requirements and hence nurses prepare balanced diets suited every group separately. Knowing this fact make us feel ashamed that despite of our advances in medical sciences, educating ourselves through formal and informal education again our diets haven’t been specialized or we haven’t leant to know our dietary needs. All that guide us in our diet is likes, dislikes, cultures, traditions and commercials.

Chimps have more advanced genes than us: By the spirit of a super creature, men declared themselves more evolved than all organisms. Anthropologists, biologists and paleontologists helped making lineages of human evolution. It is accepted that men and similar organisms like chimps and gorillas are diverged from a common ancestor, “sahelanthropus” some seven to six million years ago  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2709797.stm). It is thought bipedalism, tool making, language, evolved cognitive functions like advanced learning, speech, creativity and self expression etc are the result of positive natural selections and men have evolved more positively than their close relatives like chimps and gorillas. But comparative studies on shared genes of human and chimps by analyzing strings of DNA from nearly 14,000 protein-coding genes by a group of scientists (http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7489.full) showed that more genes evolved in chimps that were useful and beneficial than human.

Microbes evolve more rapidly than human: Though microbes are very small to be seen by naked eyes but they have a lot to do with human lives. Actually they compete with human in certain areas. Human discovered penicillin to wipe out bacteria but more resistant bacteria are evolved. They are changing rapidly their genes compared to new antibiotics so there are always dangers of new diseases introduced by rapid evolution of bacteria in resisting antibiotics. Surely, evolution is more rapid in unsuitable environments as organisms evolve to adapt new environments for their survival. Adapting new tactics for survival increase diversity and rate of evolution. Human’s technological advances are making environments more suitable for survival hence it is technologies that are evolving not human. On contrary, there are new challenges for bacterial and other microbial lives hence they are evolving rapidly.

There are many areas where other organisms are more evolved than human and hence challenging their super-creature status (though certainly they are). It will be more obvious if new areas are added to list through your comments.

Does evolutionary theory increase emotional maturity or decrease it?

It is believed that the two world wars are rooted in nationalism born of concept of superiority of races based on the Darwinian theory of evolution. Sure it is true that it were concepts of superiority that fueled wars and caused global disasters. Nazism is an example of it. Sure! It is true that Nazis inspired from theory of evolutions and they used the arguments in their favor by calling the Indians and black African equivalent to Apes. Still there are individuals who use argues that Europeans are more evolved as they have inventions, theories, discoveries and conquers in their achievements but other nations are just consumers of the western achievements. They also argue that the rise of Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Malaysians, Indians and Iranians are just imitations and reproducing of the Western inventions and discoveries, theories and practices. They are good at reverse engineering but not in inventions and discoveries. Learning and adaptations to new environments are characteristics of primitive men who were just evolved out of primates but evolved men are creative and innovative. They create, invent, discover and theorize and produce. Primitive men are good at exploring and adapting what already exist to ensure their survival.

Sure! These arguments are misuse of the theory of the evolution. We know that all things could be used either in positive and negative ways. But if we look positively to the science in general and theory of evolution specifically we will find a totally changed face of theory of evolution. Evolution gets us an understanding of why some people are slow and other are more advanced? Sure there are no biological reasons for the differences in progress but it is a phenomenon of environment. There are many successful people from back ward and developing countries in western countries. These individuals are more successful than a very large number of the westerners. It is enough to understand the cause of progress. It is the environments, laws, beliefs and practices that make more progressed or back ward. The western countries have passed through scientific evolution which has replaced the old beliefs and practices. These advantages of the west have earned those inventions, discoveries and laws that respect human and their achievements.

Evolution and science picture the extinctions and positions of all organisms in the ecosystems. It realizes the people how they evolved. Every organism is important to Science and Scientists have learned through extinction of organisms. It is the science who asks for conservation of all organism irrespective of their evolutionary lineages and levels of evolution. Surely! Scientists have very different positions from those who use the evolutionary theory for their political purposes. Archeologists and anthropologists value even to the products and lives of the cave men to understand and preserve human history. This is quiet opposite to the approaches of those who claim their superiority based on the science.

A scientific approach helps mature emotions and hence increases the emotional maturity. The people with scientific approach to fellow human and world around them appreciate and accept differences as a product of nature and natural laws. Hence Science helps to mature emotions rather than decrease it. Science is a quest of observable and testable facts. These quests revealed the vastness of universe and the position and reality of human in this universe. Sure! Men will never stop their competitions and feeling so prejudices and superiority and will use science to serve their claims but reality is that science has helped in maturing the emotions of human. It has revealed the potentials of men and vastness of universe. The absence of life on moon and surrounding planets has increased the importance and appreciation of life on earth. Even the search for other intelligent creatures or any form of life is still a failure.

This universe and men have the same lineage of evolutions and still the evolutionary process has not stopped. Certainly more evolved creature will replace human. So the sense of superiority is just a momentary pride. The sense of pride has no place in evolutionary theory as evolutionary process has the dominant creatures have wiped out of face of earth and least evolved organisms survived to more evolve. Dominant and famous Dinosaurs have wiped out and slowly crawling turtles lived the extinctions. Sure what is a supportive adaptations turn against a creature. The same is told about human that it is the inventions, discoveries that make men dominant today’s earth but the same inventions and discoveries had led to disastrous chemical, biological and nuclear weapons that threat the human existence and survival.

Evolutionary theory also makes us appreciate the intelligence, creativity and adaptations that people have irrespective of their positions and places which are out sight of political glasses.

American Culture

At Appalachian State University we had a general conversation with few students. Sure! The culture was at the focus as students were from United States and we were from Pakistan. It was not two countries but two cultures that were involved in conversation. I was amazed when one of the students said that United States has no culture and I love to live in a cultured society. I brought up in a Quetta City where we have four distinct areas culturally. Hazaras, Pashtuns, Baluchis and rest of urdu and Punjabi speaking people are have their particular areas. For example Alamdar road and Hazara town is totally different from rest of city. Here Hazaragi culture is distinct not only in Quetta city but in whole Pakistan. Alamdar road is known as little Tokyo. I have seen diversity of culture in a single city and people in my city are culturally very conscious. In fact all economical and political and even educational activities revolve around cultural identity.

It was really shocking for me to know that one of the largest and advanced countries of world has no particular culture. To observe the reality of this hypothesis I become more conscious in observing people around me to know more about U.S.A and if succeeded to find out its particulars. A few points that I found are as follows:

A- Distance:-

The first and most obvious thing that I observed in the American culture is distance. It is more obvious from the housings and homes are at the distances. The Americans are very conscious of their distance and one can clearly observe the distance everywhere from environment to aspects in the personal lives (They are taught to not interact with strangers). I think it is the part of American psyche that have developed due to immigrations that took place from different areas of Europe, Africa and Asia. It may also root in concept of personal freedom as American immigrated to new continent in search of economic and personal freedoms.

B- Diversity:-

Once can find the people of different cultures that have adopted the western cultures but in their own manners. The liberty and democracy nourished that these diversities survive though they are threatened by pop economics and rapidly changing pop cultures.

C- Living for economics:-

As most of people immigrated to America in search of good life hence economics are the central point in American life. All other things are secondary to Americans. Their behaviors, life styles, education all and all revolve around economics. The profitism are mechanism of the American thoughts so we can say that profitism is the mechanism of American culture.

D- No generalization of culture (individualism):

American society has not differentiated into a general culture representative of America. People serve their personal goals and their identities. The personal identity is the core of the American life rooted in Capitalist thoughts. It is not statue of liberty which represents the concept of liberty and individualism but behaviors, preferences and life styles are evidences of this mind set.

E- Human relations revolve around interests:-

As good life is the dream of every American and good life can't be acquired without the ability to buy hence everyone evaluate others through their role in making their lives. Capitalism is ruling the relations in a very cold manner. It is strange to people who have brought up in cultures where relations are first preference to all other things. A stronger commitment to money than a human is really shocking for people who think that all things are for human.

F- Professionalisms:-

The most important thing about the American culture is that everyone has a tendency to stretch himself/herself for excellence. Though a large population's struggle remains only struggle but real excellences make their way out to lead the world.

G- Praise for speed:

Either it is travel, work or social interactions, there is a common sense of praising for speed. Even U.S.A is broadly divided into fast moving northern areas and slow moving southern areas.
Conclusions

Two very important conclusions that I got from my American visit till now are as follows:-

1) Human may change far from where we stand today. Totally new social, economical, political and cultural structure may develop but the affection of mother towards her children will remain same (exceptions are everywhere and every time). I have seen that a wife may betray her husband but a mother never betrays her children.

2) The human evolution and civilization may grow human into totally unimaginable stages but again, the largest portions of the people will remain common and there will be very less special people in all times and all societies. In other words majority of people are common whether they are member of a civilized nation or barbarian nation, whether they belong to a developed nation or underdeveloped nation and a very small fraction of people are special people whether they belong to develop or an under developed nation. Common people have no match with special ones in any society.

Obstacles to globalization

Ice Age:

Some may wonder how the Red Indians reached America; Aborigines reached Australia, and Japanese reached Japan. There are several islands small and large in pacific areas where people live from ancient times. Sure it was the ice age that facilitated the immigration from continent to continent. The ice covered oceans met the technology that Paleolithic era Homo sapiens had for immigration. The cold season and lack of preys forced the immigrations. It was need and facility of the ice age that led to continent to continent immigration. By the end of the ice age this facility and compulsion was no more there so the immigrations stopped and people in these continents remain isolated for coming thousands of years. Now the vast oceans were the barriers between people of continents so the globalization that facilitated by ice age were stopped.

Age of Empires:

The people of ancient times were too poor in terms of economics and technologies to walk for globalization but the empires were so rich in terms of economics and resources that continued to globalized their powers in search of more resources and powers. Binding the people of different regions of earth with different languages, interests and identities into the globalized objectives of emperors the religions were the most suitable tools. Religions have a universal humanitarian appeal and ask for sacrifices to fellow human beings. The emperors used religions as a vital tool for expanding their empires and the religious authorities supported the empires to propagate their empires. The Romans, Europeans kings, Arab Caliphs, Mongols, Turks all of emperors that had a global expansions beyond the boundaries of tribes, languages and cultures used the religion to bind the people loyal to them by using the religious believes. Here the strengths of emperors and the universal humanitarian appeals were the forces of globalizations. The poverty of common people both in terms of wealth and technology were the barriers for globalization.

Age of machines:

The poverty of wealth and technology that were the key obstacles of ancients and Middle Ages and by advent of scientific era and machines started they started decreasing. A new class of people emerged known as middle class people. The surplus and mass productions required new markets and hence lead to discovery of new trade routes and lands for new markets. The profit and machines become the new tools for globalization. It empowered the multinational companies like East India company to expand its trade and markets into continents. The machines and mass productions have created problems also and it was exploitations of laborers and consumers. Hence the strong voices like Karl Marx and leftist revolutionists become another aspect of globalization. Rebellions have also put a new trend in globalization. Laborers and consumers expanded their reach and voices beyond the borders of nation states and continents.

Machines help men in their works and have no identity of themselves and hence they were well come in every society and the societies with high level of resistance to foreign elements, the machines made their roots and changed the behaviors and trends of people. It is the products of machines which determine the behavior of men and creating trends and traditions. Machines also determine the trends of globalization:

- Machines that produce goods expand the markets.

- Machines that produce vehicles and means of transport bring close the markets.

- Machines that produce weapons and killing machines determine political economics of globe by setting rules of the games with powers with a better ability to kill more people.

- Machines that cause global warming and epidemic or popular diseases activating individuals, organizations and nation states beyond the global positions.

- Economic collapses of economic organizations and selective immigrations are also the results of the misuse of the machines that concern people beyond the borders and compel them to think of global solutions to economy.

- Machines that facilitate communication expand the knowledge and information beyond every possible border.

As machines and profits were the engines for globalization similarly they were the barriers for globalization. The people with more powerful and capable killing machines made the peace and security a business. The blood, dignity, identity, and wealth of wealthy people become more respectful and for maintaining of this respects the bloods, dignity, identity and wealth of common and less fortunate people burnt to ashes. Some fortunate people who born in these wealthy areas have no boundary for their visits and majority of people around the world have no permission to visit other areas of the world. Their passports can have written names of countries of world but visiting these areas are forbidden for them.

Still the poverty of power is the greatest barrier for globalizations. The power is the largest obstacles that even wealth and technology stood still to this strong barrier.

Age of information:

As we have discussed earlier that machines determine the trends of the globalization. The machines that facilitated the communication also facilitated the expansions of information and knowledge. Information and Knowledge have empowered individuals to communicate beyond the borders but still it couldn’t help individuals to cope with tyranny of power created by killing machines and condensed wealth. There are needs for thinkers and activists to use this age of information against the global barriers for global justice. The thinkers and activist should work hard to help reach the benefits of globalization to human beings around the globe. It is the most basic human rights that unfortunately not included in now accepted and advocated human rights. The “information based technology” and “professional democracy” is my efforts towards removing global barriers for global justice. You can search them in Knol and also can send me your opinions and perspectives.

The concept of ownership in information based economic system

The concept of ownership is a dividing line between capitalism and socialism. The capitalists are convinced of private ownership based on their principle of free market and socialists convinced of public ownership based on their principle of equal distribution of wealth. Certainly it is the principles which guide a society how to distribute the wealth. The concept of ownership in the information based economy is calculated discipline. Calculated discipline says that one owns what one has produced, has labored on or served for. Based on the principles of the calculated discipline, the information based economy system divides the sources of the wealth into two categories:

1- Natural source of wealth: All natural products like land, rivers, lakes, mountains, plains, oceans, mineral resources, etc, in which men have no contribution to produce them.

2- The Man-made products: All products and services in which the Knowledge, labor, investment and man-made resources are involved like crops, cattle, electricity, fuel, buildings, vehicles, computers, etc .

Natural sources of wealth:

As there is no labor and constructive contribution of men involved in producing the naturally produced sources of wealth like land, rivers, mountains etc so they are the public property and there is no place of private ownership in them. It is a real issue that touches the real lives of everyone. Those who have land or homes encourage the concept of private ownerships and there are billions of people who support the concept of private ownership because it is in their benefit. Similarly there are billions of homeless and landless people who support the public ownership of land so they get land for cultivations, grazing or becoming able to have their own homes. The ownership of land is equally important in villages and cities. There are certain facts which should be kept in mind while deciding the concept of ownership of natural resources:

1- The area of land is fixed. It can’t be increased though the area of productive land can be increased by developing the barren lands like marshy lands, deserts or extending the lands into oceans etc in which the struggles, knowledge and investments of men are involved.

2- The populations of men are increasing exponentially especially due to better conditions of life.

3- Some parts of earth are overcrowded yet more and more people are migrating towards these areas. The highly productive lands, large cities, harbors, mining and fishing areas, etc are already overcrowded. The productive lands are becoming smaller and smaller due to division of lands due to hereditary laws. Smaller divisions of productive lands are becoming no more productive because they are producing crops which fulfilling the needs of families working on them. They can’t supply the needs of people in cities. Similarly the congested cities have less and less land areas to provide new homes for growing population as well as immigrants that migrate from villages, towns and smaller cities. The migrations can’t be stopped because jobs and better living conditions and opportunities are making people determined to migrate to these areas. Presently the solution for this problem is increasing the stories of buildings. The buildings are growing in heights.

4- No labor, knowledge and investments of men are involved in the production of lands and other natural resources.

5- The lands were the source of war and enmities among individuals, tribes, communities, groups of people and nations.

6- The private ownership of lands have caused that many land areas remain uncultivated and unproductive or not used in more efficient ways because either the owners are incapable of doing so or not willing to work on them.

The above mentioned facts led us to a stable and logical solution. By this solution the distribution of wealth and resources can be made more justifiable or based on justice by including the principles and methods based on calculated discipline. It is an inevitable fact that every human society has economic classes so it is logical and practical to divide the economic classes of the societies based on their earning levels and their needs to an accepted level of life standard in a time and place. In information based economy the distribution of wealth is based on the earning levels and the needs of people to an accepted level of life standard in a time and place.

Based on the basic principle of information based economy system the private ownership of lands is prohibited. Lands are the public property. As lands are one the main sources of wealth so the use of there are certain points which information based economic system stress on.

1- As lands are public property so there is no concept of inheritance of land and the laws of inheritance are inapplicable to lands.

2- The cultivated lands are distributed to farmers as not only they could meet the needs of farmers to an accepted life standard in time and place but also supply the national needs. The farmers own all products of lands they work on but the land itself.

3- The unproductive lands are open for competition to development into productive lands to certain limit of time in which the reimbursement of investments and profits are assured.

4- Homes are private property but not lands so in areas needed the government could increase the height of buildings in order to provide homes to all by keeping assured the safety and accepted standards of life.

5- While solving the problems of home, it is necessary that the governments and individuals do respect the religions and traditions of the people by not mixing rival religions and traditional groups so the public unrest are result or the religious and cultural practices of minorities are affected.

Having the above approach we can solve both the problems we are facing now in distribution of wealth as well as we are prepared to meet the futuristic problems. If we continue the private ownerships of the lands and other natural resources the increasing populations and migrations will led us to wide gulf of wealth distributions and development of an unproductive and parasitic group in society who just by having large private ownership influence the fates of productive people.

Man-made sources of wealth:

Certainly what one produces have the right to own it, so the all what one produce is part of his/her private ownerships, especially homes, machines, crops, cattle, intellectual products, etc. The knowledge and technologies are changing the methods and nature of productions. Technologies, machines and knowledge made men able to produce so massively that is even beyond the needs of the nations and masses. But still the economic classes are fact of every society. There is no single society where the economic classes do not exists hence to minimize the gapes among classes and to benefit all parts of society of the developments in knowledge, technologies and national growths it is necessary the taxation on private properties must be based on the earning levels and needs of people to an accepted standards of life in time and place. The important points on which the information based economy system stress are as followings:

1- All the processes of distribution of wealth must be transparent.

2- The distribution of wealth must be based on justice. Here justice means the calculated discipline which ensures the providing all inhabitants an accepted standard of life in a time and place.

3- Provide a workable mechanism for principles of calculated discipline.

4- The governments should be aware of earnings, expending and needs of everyone so she could maintain the transparency and accepted life standard of everyone.

To ensure these points the information based economy system requires all the earnings and expenditures and using of the facilities should be digitalized and part of personal identification of everyone. All the public facilities like shelter, power, communication, food, clothing, and education, health, seeking justice, transportations and other public facilities should be based on earning levels. The earning levels who can’t afford public facilities the government is responsible to pay on their behalf in order to maintain the accepted life standards.

Still those who are creating wealth for society and increasing the life standards and contributing to wealth and development of nations their productivity should not be affected. The government is responsible to facilitate such powers in order to develop the creativity and the ambitions of growth and creativity. The classes in society are a natural process and it can’t vanish but it can be used for the growth and benefits of all classes. The public institutions are to serve both the lower earnings levels and higher earnings levels in order to achieve two objectives:

1- Minimize the gapes of earning levels by maintaining the standards of lives.

2- To increase the rate of growth of growing forces.

Analyzing the history of democratization by Western coalition:

Introduction:

The Western Coalition led by USA has a history from 2nd world war. It succeeded in democratization of West Germany and Japan and to make these two countries a role model of material growth and development under liberal democracy. The Western Germany with liberal capitalist democracy and the Eastern Germany as a red socialist country were the frontline between Capitalist camp and communist camp. The wall divided the Western and Eastern Germany was indicating the physical existence of the iron curtain. The collapse of this wall and the conversion of USSR and China’s communist economies into more capitalized economies were the all the evidence of the successful strategies of Western Coalition in democratization of countries.

Certainly the successful democratization process has encouraged the policy makers and the political thinkers in USA to apply their same strategies in other parts of the world, where the values are rivaling the values of liberal capitalist democracy. It is why forces and thinkers arose in US by the name of “neocons” or neoconservatives who wanted to continue the same policies under the policy famed as “project of new American century”.

All other events after the 9/11 events are well known to all. The success of democratization in Iraq was rapid but the Afghanistan proved totally different form all previous examples even from Vietnam. Following is the analysis of the events:

Democratization of Germany and Japan after 2nd World War by Western Coalition:

Germany was a combat force in Europe and Japan in pacific area who had nationalistic ambitions of global glory and supremacy. They were enemies of the Western coalition before and during Second World War. The main threat to the Western Coalition was the ideology of racial supremacy. Soon after the end of war the western coalition started to democratize the Western Germany and Japan to achieve three objectives:

1- Convert the ideology of racial supremacy into westernized national democracies.

2- Making Western Germany and Japan an economic, democratic and military giant to stop the expansion of communist ideology which were strong in Russia and were taking strong roots in pacific region especially in China, Korea and Vietnam.

3- Democratization of the Western Germany accompanied by the European Recovery Plan (Also known as Marshal Plan) was aimed to keep the markets open for Western Alliance products and prevent another economic recession.



Democratization of Iraq by Western Coalition:

In Iraq the democratization succeeded to a certain limit because of the demographic division of the country. In south there is the majority of Shia population and in north there were Kurds and the small minority of the radical Sunnis were mostly in central area who hosted the Al Qaida extremists. The Stable south and North helped the democratization to succeed. Both shias in south and Kurds in north had struggled for their freedom during Sadam regime. It was the roots of people in south and north of the country in the movements for their autonomy that helped in success of democratizations and stabilization of the country.

Democratization of Afghanistan by Western Coalition:

The history of democratization efforts by Western Coalition in West Germany and Japan after Second World War and the democratization of Iraq in war against terror have some lessons to learn while coming to Afghanistan. Neglecting the history and tradition of people will result in failure of the democratization efforts. Democracy is the will of people. If a group of people do not want a democratic culture it won’t work. The western coalition need to think of Afghanistan as different entities despite a nation.

In Germany and Japan there were national movements and there were will for change and national glory so the process of democratization was successful and they rise as glorious nations. Still the US had to investigate that which nations are capable of changing. The Pashtoon community in Afghanistan is resisting to democratization. The reason is clear and that is pashtoon culture. The religious leaders and the tribal leaders are two sources of the authority in Pahtoon society and both of these authorities are ant-democratizations trends. What are called jirgas are under influence of these two sources of authority including the dominating powers from governments and businessmen in case of pakhtoons. But still these sources of authorities are susceptible to change if they were not rooted in radical Sunni sect of Islam. It is this ideology that is unchangeable because they are rooted in beliefs of people. This ideology asks for supremacy, dominance and use of every means to achieve them. As the Pashtoons have the regional Alliance in Arabian countries and radical sunnis around the world especially in South Asia, and northern Africa and central Asian countries so the Western coalition couldn’t neglect them, especially the rich Arab countries who have heavy investments and business ties with Western coalition so there are more important things than simply democratization.

Other nations in northern alliance like Hazaras, Tajiks and Uzbeks can flourish the democratic values but unfortunately they were especially the Hazaras are neglected. World less knows about the revolution in Hazarajat. Prior the Russian invasion of Afghanistan Hazaras had a feudal system. After the Russian invasion when Mujahidin were engaged in resistance against Russia there were resistance movements in Hazarajat against feudal lords and Tribal leaders. Feudal system collapsed and the common people empowered in Hazarajat. The Shura or community councils became the decision makers in Hazarajat. The fates of people were in hands of people, so the Hazaras were the most optimistic and susceptible to change.

The Hazaras are neglected and the whole concentrations went to Pashtoon areas, where the newly built schools were burnt and the roads and bridges were destroyed by road side bombs but they were rebuilt. The tax money of Western people is used to serve the people who don’t want them but the people who were regularly asking for them were ignored. Hazarajat have only get 2.5 kilometer road paved with no university, electricity and health care system. The shuras never empowered and the literacy and educations were not focused. The people are helping themselves in reconstructions and education but they were also no empowered.

This is main reason that the democratization process in Afghanistan is not getting root while in Iraq it got roots. While democratization process is not getting roots in Afghanistan so it has some consequences.

There are certain points which may are changing the minds of Hazaras and it is time to stop them from becoming so.

1- The funding, concentrations, developments and authority are going in areas where, from where Taliban had risen and there are strong physical and ideological support for Taliban. The Taliban is rooted in the culture of that people and for changing culture a long period of time is required.

2- The separatist movements of Baluchis and their tactics in targeting non-Baluch civilian to pressurize the government. The civilian are soft targets and so both Baluchis and Taliban are targeting civilian. This tactic made different civilian groups and their representatives in governments to support the separatists’ movements in order to minimize their losses.

Certainly the Hazaras are in midst of these processes. Neglecting the demand and desires of hazaras are making these feeling more extensive. The tactics of Taliban, Baluch separatists and ignoring of Hazaras and Hazarajat by international community are topics of discussions between Hazaras which are leading them to conclusion of separatists’ movements.

Certainly the separatists’ movements of Hazaras will affect the geopolitical situation of the area. It is the responsibility of the Western coalition to help Hazaras in their destinations and make the changing situation a non-violent transformation.

A suggested mechanism for philosophy

Philosophy is in crisis. Certainly the mathematics and physics have also passed through crisis and physics is again in crisis. It is a normal part of the growth and is known as a growth crisis but the real philosophers heat their heads to solve the problems. We are living in a scientific era and the science has made people habitual of a mechanism. Every discipline has their own mechanisms by which they judge, direct and demarcate their area of generating or absorbing knowledge and people ask their specialists in case of problems and expect them to solve. Even fashion and sport reporters have their own areas of specialty that people will expect of them. But on contrary the philosophers are speaking and working on untouchable notions of being, spirit and purpose of existence and systems that civilizations are based on haven’t any specialty and mandate to demarcate their areas of specialty. Why? There are two main reasons that philosophy hasn’t yet resolved them:

1- What is the subject of philosophy?

2- What is the mechanism of philosophy?

Here in this article I will propose my solution to these two problems. The answer for the first question is the subject of the philosophy is “IDEA”. Though we use the term idea very commonly but for a better understanding of the term idea as a subject matter of philosophy, we have to look on subject matter of other disciplines also. All objects that could be observed and experimented are the subject matter of science. So Science has a clear boundaries and still science has been divided into different branches based on subject matters to be more specialized. So we expect a zoologist to know about animals and a mineralogist to know about a mineral. Similarly, the subject matter of mathematics is defined. Anything that is measurable directly or indirectly is the subject matter of mathematics. These two examples are very specialized. If we come to social sciences we find the disciplines that are totally related to some form of ideas that human being have agreed upon. The lawyers are specialists of ideas that men have agreed upon. These are called laws, agreements and codes of conducts. Laws are only specific ideas but the philosophy works on ideas that guide and give directions to the agreements, laws, codes of conducts and sciences and math, etc. The main responsibility of the philosophy has to generate ideas for these fields to expand them and verify the ideas that these fields are working on to keep them healthy and intact. As the philosophy has a leading role for other subjects, so it is not a systematic study of the objects of study but it is a system generating machine that provide systems for others systematic studies. Knowing this role of philosophy we can classify the subject matter of philosophy, the “IDEA” in following classes:

1- Ideas generated out of observations

2- Ideas generated out of experiments and experiences

3- Ideas generated out of abstractions

4- Ideas generated out of imaginations and perceptions

The answer to the second question that “What is the mechanism of philosophy?” requires a little effort to understand. I have worked on it when I was a school student and still working on it. Here briefly I present my findings to the time. One can find them in my other articles specified for each of them. Following is the order by which I have deduced them.

1- All mechanisms of knowledge are cyclic. This is named as cycle of knowledge.

2- As all mechanisms of knowledge is cyclic then ideas come out of these mechanisms are partially true OR the reality partially could be expressed by ideas. This is named as instant reality.

3- For expression of ideas to be logical and understandable the ideas have to be presented in relation to other ideas (Because an idea is partial expression of reality)

4- For verifications of ideas and their relations, it is necessary that they must be verified with equilibrium or equations. This is the first order of verification.

5- For the second order of verification, the ideas must be calculated that the equations or equilibriums could be tested. This is named as calculated discipline.

We can express the above mentioned mechanism simplified as following:

“Ideas have four basic sources of generations, like observations, experiences and experiments, abstraction measurements and perceptions and imaginations and these ideas can be verified in four different basis like evidences, experiments or established experiences, abstract calculations and imaginative and perceptive calculations matching with three earlier mentioned calculations”………………..

Explanation:

In science we have two methods for verifications of hypotheses, a) experimentations, b) evidence. These two sources of the verifications are measurable and the sources of scientific data and generation of scientific knowledge. In mathematics the measurements of abstract ideas like numbers, lines, degrees etc are verified by counter measurements and proved. So we have three basic criteria for authentic verifications and those are calculated experiences, evidences and measurements of abstract ideas. If we consider the “idea” as a subject matter of philosophy, so there are two more sources of the ideas and those are perceptions and imaginations and these two are the real sources of the problems as well as the real sources of creating new ideas and fields (Actually these two are the engines of creativity that produce raw materials for other disciplines). If we verify the raw ideas come of the perceptions and imaginations with calculated evidences, experiences and abstractions then we can verify them and make them reliable sources. If we do so we can make the philosophy more specialized and available to masses and hence raise the judgments and thinking ability of masses or in other words we can make able the time to produce great leaders in every fields.

Why to celebrate our achievements?

Anything with definite shapes and formations have some forces that have bounded its basic units. These forces are keys to the symmetry of the symmetrical objects. Our concepts of beauty (aesthetics), excellence, perceptions, imaginations and mechanisms of knowledge are all based on some form of symmetry. The most conspicuous phenomenon of symmetry in human lives is their societies. There are forces which keep the symmetry of societies in order. Cultures, religions and laws are the basic forces which gives particular shapes and order to a society. The basic units of cultures, religions and laws are the values which they are made up of. As values are the basis for acceptance of cultures, religions and laws, similarly, the values are the basis for collisions of cultures, laws and religions.

Though there are collisions among values of societies but one thing is common to all and that every society struggles to sustain their values. There are different strategies to sustain and pass these values to the young generations. One of these strategies is celebrating the achievements. Celebrating the achievements are actually sustaining the values and introducing the values. If the values are not celebrated they lose their recognitions and importance and they will extinct. The most point in celebrating achievements is getting new energy and start for new achievements. Celebration is the end of old efforts and achievements and the beginning of new ones. Sure new beginnings require new strategies, skills and struggles from zero and all these require energies. Celebrating the achievements are the sources of energies and commitments for new beginnings. It provides the energies for a total new starts, energies for starts for new skills, energies for thinking process for new strategies and energies for start from zero. We can divide the celebrations based on the cultures, religions, personal values and global cultures.

Personal celebrations: Everyone has its own methods and reasons for celebrations of personal achievements. Celebrating personal achievements reveals oneself for him. It reveals the personal values and personal strengths. How one celebrates his achievements is also reveal his personality. How and what one rewards himself plays a key role in reshaping ones personality. One can use the rewards for himself to engineer himself, by strengthening his strengths and weakening his weaknesses. Appreciations and accountabilities are strong tools for psychological engineering and if it is used by the person himself will be a stronger tool.

Global culture: To strengthen the common norms and values of human beings the special days are celebrated all over the world. These special days are not only the sources of consciousness for common values and developing of new trends in globally but it also play key role in developing and evolving of global culture. The global culture is the foundation of global civilization which is replacing the civilizations based on cultures and values of nation state and religions. If we look at list of few special days which are celebrated globally we can understand the trends and weight of the global values or common norms of modern world. Diseases that require mass awareness are celebrated globally to increase the awareness and coordination for their eradications. All those things which have global impacts like some explosives, global warming and related issues like pollution, clean water and air, preservations of engendered species, some social evils like smoking etc are celebrated globally. The basic institutions of the societies are foundations of the global cultures so celebrations of the hub of these institutions are also evolving the global cultures. Celebrating the mother’s day and teacher’s day is the two example of this trend.

Religious celebrations: Every religion has their own days and celebrations. The purpose of these celebrations is strengthening the religious values. Two Eid-ul-Fiter and Eid-ul-Azha in Islam and Charismas in Christian world are two examples of these religious celebrations. Eid-ul-fiter in Muslim world is celebrated in honor of successful completion of a month of fast and worships, so it is the celebration of achievements. The whole month of Ramzan, the Muslim practices their basic values and even in Eid they practice their values. This is enough for us to understand the importance and value of celebrations either in personal, religious or global achievements.

Cultural celebrations: Just like religions, cultures have values, which are keys for their survival, identity and the symmetry and order of the societies they belong. These values are specially evident in social celebrations like marriages, funerals, births etc. The birth and deaths are symbolic representations of the continuity and immortality of these values and the marriages as the defender and developers of the values.

Conclusion: Though celebrations are not given much importance in intellectual world but they are foundations of personality and societies. Understanding their psychology, sociology and their positions in making laws and providing lawful basis are key in engineering and reshaping personalities and societies.

Single factor comparison of the Islamic and western countries

Whenever we compare societies, two factors are the foundations for other factors to be compared. Here we limit ourselves to these two foundation factors and that are Individual and society. It requires no knowledge that individuals construct the society and both purpose of society and individuals are same and that is rooted to the concept of human.

The concept of human in western countries could be understood by the established systems of the western society and that are Liberalism, democracy and capitalism. Liberalism, democracy and capitalism serve one thing and that is progress. Progress is synonym to success in Western culture. As both concept and purpose of human in a society is rooted in concept of success so Progress is the purpose and concept of man. In West, the concept of existence is dominant over essence and individuals are practically existentialist or in other words extreme individualists. Progress is fulfilling all requirements of existentialism to higher degree of satisfaction as it provides both free will and acceptable levels of consequences. The Western countries have adopted systems that fulfill the concept and purpose of individuals. Liberalism and democracy are suited to developments and acceptance of new ideas even radical ideas, so the becoming scientists, men and women of letters, writers, artists, politician, economists, engineers, news reporters, etc were considered fulfilling purpose and concept of modern men as they were the sources of free wills and their consequences. These were not only the sources of the free wills and the acceptable consequences but progress. To give acceleration to the progress another vital system was capitalism. Capitalism is open competition of free wills and their consequences, so the people were in constant competitions for the survival of their progress.

In western countries the individuals seek progress and the state provide the opportunities by it by adopting the systems for the progress of individuals. Hence the individuals and society in Western countries are in harmony and symmetry. Individuals serve the systems and systems provide opportunities to practice their existence.

Contrary to the Western countries the concept of human is different in Islamic culture. If we come to concept of human from concept of success, the concept of success in Islamic culture and society is Taqwa. Taqwa is simply personal justice to self and society. Certainly, without a just behavior in economical and social interactions one can’t achieve an accepted level of Taqwa that is considered success in Islamic society. The Islamic state main purpose is helping its citizens in getting Taqwa. It stands on four basic types of justice, economical justice, social justice, political justice and equality before law. In present of these four justices the Taqwa leads to progress along with evolution of society and civilization. In Islamic culture progress is not goal but the tools for creating conditions where Taqwa lead to evolution of human both spiritually and materially. The justices that is counted is always subjects to innovations to absorb changing conditions due to change in technological, economical, social and political advancements, hence they are always debatable.

Taqwa also means insulations against harms to self and also to society. Here Taqwa means a personal act to insulate self and society from harm. The harms include all factors related to self from spiritual, psychological, physical, social, political and economical harms. The insulation is carried out by moral and social codes that Islam provides to individuals. Hence in this perspective taqwa is personal choice and life style that is practicable in any conditions and in any place. Hence though here Taqwa is linked both to personal and social matters but one has to practice justice irrespective of others practicing or not. Every individual has to practice and call and teach practicing justice.

Unfortunately the Muslim countries as well as Muslim intellectual failed to devise and adopt systems suiting justices to enhance and promote the Taqwa. Faithful people as well as liberal people (The people who use the name of Muslim and Islam as identity, not as life codes) in Islamic countries are not satisfied with their governments as well as their lives. The people are not successful through both perspectives of Islamic culture as well as from Western point of view. It is one of the main factors that Islamic countries are experiences deep social dissatisfactions and tensions as well as divisions on terms of hardliners and moderates.

Dialogue with Hazaras

The Hazara society is passing through a historical transition that even individualistic decisions will play key roles in shaping the future of society of Hazaras. A shallow analysis of present Hazara society can elaborate the potentials of these individualistic decisions. Present Hazara society is not an integrated society but composed of small (of different sizes) Hazara societies which are taking nationalistic forms under the influence of the large societies in which they live. Languages, cultures, educations systems, political and economic trends of these large societies are playing vital roles in shaping the trends of these small Hazara societies. It is part of news paper knowledge (general knowledge) that the societies of Western countries, Eurasian countries and Eastern countries in which Hazaras are living, are different from each other and even in some aspects rivaling each other. Beside these Hazara societies are struggling for their survival. In some countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran Hazaras are facing racial, lingual, religious and historical bigotry that accompanying with political and economical rivalries threatening Hazara societies. In Western countries though Hazaras are safe from bigotries but still they are struggling for the survival of their culture and identity. Keeping these two points the Hazaras needs a two dimensional serious steps that the initials of the Hazara intellectuals and politician are more required.

- Dialogue among Hazara societies

- Dialogue between Hazara societies and nations of the world


Dialogue among Hazara societies:


Hazaras are fortunate that there were always small but active part of their societies who were concerned about the integrity of Hazara societies and they have worked for these objectives. In past their efforts were not much fruitful due to lack of mass Medias so they were limited to local cultural and political struggles. The expansion and easiness of use of internet provided a golden opportunity for self activated Hazara patriots to make websites about Hazaras. These websites were the first voices of Hazaras about the oppressions and prejudices they have been facing. These websites also struggled for cultural and nationalistic identity of Hazaras. I am personally evident of the effectiveness of these websites in earning a positive recognition for Hazaras.

Despite the services that these websites provided to Hazaras but still there are load of works and responsibilities that these active part of Hazara societies have to do. Hazaras are in chain of history and their existence are threatened so all societies of Hazaras need an ideological, cultural, political and economical integration. Hazarajat is the motherland of all Hazaras of all over the world and is point of unity of objectives and struggles for all of them. Keeping these facts in minds the websites of Hazaras have to go a step further to start a dialogue among the societies of Hazaras. The cultural, social, political and economical dialogue among Hazara societies is a necessity of time to develop an advanced political, economical and ideological culture to which the Hazaras of the entire world not only proud but also struggle to save their national identity, integrity and for achieving the national dreams.

Dialogue between Hazara societies and nations of the world:

The nations of the world, especially the people of the other nations either don’t know anything about the Hazaras or know very less about Hazaras based on incomplete information or objective reporting of the news reporters who had visited Hazarajat only for a few days without prior deep knowledge of Hazaras. There are a lot of misconceptions of Hazaras in mass Medias of world and hence gaining information from these sources the people of the world have misconceptions about Hazaras. Hazaras have to understand the delicacy of these issues. If Hazaras remained silent to every types of reporting without presenting their own views then world will write a history based on misconceptions and incomplete information. The Hazaras shouldn’t wait for world to come to them to know them but they have to reach the world interested about Hazaras and present to them their own point of view and their identity and history.

During centuries of cultural, economical and political siege Hazaras have alienated from the rest of world. They have adopted to live and interact among themselves to save their existence. These trends still continues as the cultural, economical and political siege still continues (Even in presence of USA and NATO forces, who represent societies which believe in human rights, democracy, freedom of expressions and religious tolerance). This trend of Hazara societies resulted in cultural, educational, economical and political distancing of Hazaras and societies in which they live which in turn resulted in creating suspicion about Hazaras as well as backwardness of Hazaras. If this trend of Hazara societies continued then troubles will be created for next generations of Hazaras in which they will be confused about their identity as well as interacting with societies in which they live.

It is the responsibility of every Hazara, especially Hazara intellectuals, politicians, reporters, artists, students and inherent of Hazaragi culture and history that struggle to inform the nations and start dialogue by nations of world. The nonstop dialogue with representatives of other nations especially with people of other nations will create a positive of image of Hazara nation and help them in achieving their national dreams with their own struggle and with support of nations of world for their struggle.

Note; This knol was written in 2008

Post ideology era

The human history has seen the era of religions and then ideologies. In the end of the first decade of the 21st century we are observing a world without ideologies or better to say the post ideology era. Religion come to connect men with creature of nature but the religions evolved more into cultural rituals and identities rather than connecting men to nature. Science come to the help men in understanding nature but Science was not alone. There were economic and political systems which were determining the positions and strategies for Science. Industrial revolution was enslaved by capitalism and communism for serve their own purposes and to prove their legitimacy to rule on human society. The same was happened to Science. The objective scientific investigations and researches served objective purposes of capitalism and communism. In post Ideology era, when both capitalism and communism have declined as a workable ideologies and the world is confused and helpless to come out of global depression, it is time to make free Science and industry out of ideologies which divide mankind and come on work on areas which are common to all.

Both religions and ideologies were claimed to serve the whole humanity and for welfare of human being but both served as agents of divisions between human beings. Certainly! The differences of opinion are a common fact and are the sources of the identity and uniqueness. Both religious groups and followers of ideologies have invested massive intellectual, blood, sweats and time to promote the differences.

In today’s globalized world when some organizations are working and making slogans for human rights, rights of women, rights of child, freedom of journalism and expression, democracy, helping people in needs, refugees, environmental issue, nuclear non proliferations, certain diseases like AIDS and POLIO, illiteracy, preservation of cultural and historical sites, preservation of endangered species, Preservation of some languages etc. All these issues are common grounds for all human to work for them.

ONE QUESTION IS REALLY IMPORTANT THAT SHOULD BE ASKED FROM ALL, “HOW COULD ONE CLAIM TO RESPECT HUMAN RIGHTS WHO STRESS MORE ON THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMAN BEINGS RATHER THAN COMMONALITIES……………………..????????????????

One’s love of humanity is justifies who works wholeheartedly equally for common ground as much as h works for his identities like his religion, language, community, ideology and culture.
Hence, I acknowledge the roles of the religions, cultures, languages and ideologies in evolving human being and stress that by RECOGNIZING EACH OTHERS IDENTITIES by respecting their languages, cultures, religions and ideologies we should unite on common grounds. Some of the common grounds that all should unite are:

1- Eradication of diseases

2- Eradication of poverty

3- Equal rights for education

4- A balanced environment

5- Human rights

I acknowledge that all these issues are on the agenda of United Nations and this organization as representative of the all nations are work for them globally but these issues are beyond the capacity of a representative organization. These issues need to become part of the ethics of all and should become part of personal agenda and attitude of all. Hence by acknowledging the role of the UN in promoting these common grounds we stress on their inclusion in the basic set of beliefs, ideologies and cultures.

The immediate concerns in the post ideology era are,

1- Communism was an ideology which was working to empower the workers and peasants.

After collapse of communism, the workers, peasants and poor are directionless, helpless, hopeless and disarmed. Though we know the miseries that communism earned for world but they were the source of hope for workers and peasants. Collapse of communism is the collapse of hopes of workers and peasants.

BUT THE MISERIES THAT COMMUNISMS EARNED TO HUMANKIND IS ALSO NOT ACCEPTABLE HENCE BY HAVING A HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF,

i- Communism as a source of hope and means of struggle for poor, workers and peasants

ii- Communism earned miseries for humankind

We need to search for an alternative way to give hope and means of struggle for poor, workers and peasants.

2- Free market economy was an ideology which was working to promote the creativity and creation of wealth.

Global depression and the interference of states in free markets in hope to save the national and global economies have washed out trusts in free market economy. Though free market economy served human by promoting creativity and created a large number of middle classes which are backbone of the progress of nations but still it has earned miseries to humankind by increasing inflation, unemployment, global warming, conflicts and wars.

Hence, having a historical knowledge and experience of free market economy,

i- Free market economy is a source of hope for human creativity and progress

ii- It also caused conflicts, wars, inflation, unemployment and damage to natural resources and environments.

We need to rethink the free market economy and find an alternative way for promotion of creativity and progress.

Working for systems which are sources of hope and struggle for poor, peasants and workers as well as promoting creativity, progress and liberties of men, along with respects to religions, cultures and languages. Certainly! Common areas are the guiding line for developments of such systems which stress on commonalities rather than divisions and save world from further conflicts and wars.

What Hazaras need to do?

Three things Hazaras need on the ad hoc basis:

1- Purpose: The purpose of Hazaras is to make Hazarajat a free state for Hazaras.

a- Reasons for setting up Purpose:

i- It is impossible for an individual and a family to live without purpose. An individual have plans for his days, weeks, months and years and these plans are following goals that lead him towards his purpose. If an individual and a family can’t think living without plans and purpose how a nation could think without purpose.

ii- Without a Free State for Hazaras will have no control of their future. What kind of society we want? What kinds of religious and cultural practices we want? What kind of educational system we want and what we want to teach our children? What kinds of jobs and roles we want for ourselves? None of above mentioned aspects of life that determine our future is in our control. Others are deciding for us to what we are allowed to practice and what not. What should we read and what should we do. What we could do and what we can’t do is all decided by others. If all these are not acceptable for an individual then how it could be acceptable for a nation?

iii- Without a free state for Hazaras, Hazaras have no identity and role in the international community.

iv- Without Free State our future is not secure. As governments are alien to our society so they couldn’t be sincere to our nation. They will always try their best to maintain their hegemony and supremacy and keep us inferior to themselves so they will always to try hard to harm us economically, politically, educationally, culturally and to dissolve our identity that is our essence.

v- We are not saying all these reasons without any proof or reason. Our history is an accepted proof. 75% of population of Hazaras is massacred and their land have confiscated. Hazarajat are the most impoverished with least developments and Hazaras are discriminated and targeted.

vi- As the racial and religious enmity and divisions are historical and still continues so there is no hope reconciliations.

vii- Hazaras are still threatened and attacked by religious and racist extremists so if we do not go towards a free state for Hazaras then we will face more massacres and land confiscations through state power and through non state actors supported by state. If we want to save our children of further massacres, the only way is a free state of Hazarajat.

2- Legitimization of the purpose: Preparing and convincing the Hazaras as well as international community about the legitimacy of instance of Hazaras to have a free state.

i- The partition of subcontinent India is a historical lesson for Hazaras. The movement for a separate state for Muslims of India made their instance legitimate both for fellow Indians as well as for British Empire. Hazaras need to work in practical terms to convince through non violence movements to convince fellow Afghans as well as international community that existence and survival of Hazaras are in continuous threat and only possible way for their survival and existence is a free state for Hazaras.

ii- Freedom of East Timor and Albania are other great lessons for Hazaras to follow.

3- To build a basic structure of State of Hazarajat: Building political and economical structures that not only make Hazaras and Hazaras able to survive as a free state but become an important country contributing to economy and developments of world.

i- Certainly it is the most important part that requires an extensive intellectual works for developing them as well as political and educational works to educate people and political workers to work for them. Building social, political, economical and educational structures are the tests of survival for Hazaras. The success building material, intellectual and social structures for these issues are the foundations for success in promoting and projecting the foundation purpose of Hazaras as well as for their struggles in the legitimizations of their struggles.

...................................................................................

Here is my response to the comment of a brother,

Hazaras are a historical nation and their homeland Hazarajat is geographically bordering central Asia to Middle East and South Asia so due to its strategic geographical position it was always in the interest of global and regional powers to keep Hazaras of Hazarajat backward, illiterate, and poor and always under threat of expansionism of neighboring tribes. So they could easily the exploit this strategically important place without any resistance.

British Empire used Afghans and helped them to expand, encircle Hazaras and limit them in central mountains of Pamir range. From 1885 to 1905, 75% of Hazaras were massacred and their lands were confiscated and they were forcefully included in Afghanistan since then it continued till now. Afghans started introducing Hazaras to world as Afghans so they could legitimize the occupation of Hazarajat as part of Afghanistan. They were also trying to convince Hazaras to change their identity to Afghans to make Hazaras accept as secondary citizens of Afghanistan.

Hazaras are neither Afghan nor they could be intimidated to change their identity from being Hazaras to becoming Afghans.

When Kabul was under supervision of USSR, they also thought it is better to keep hazaras encircled and under threat.

After 2001 when the USA along with NATO liberated Afghanistan from Taliban, the Hazaras had great hope, trust and enthusiasm in these liberation forces but the past eight years were years of hopelessness and helplessness. The USA and NATO continued the same policies to keep Hazarajat illiterate, poor, inaccessible and under threats of neighboring tribes.

Hence now Hazaras have only one way and that is to trust on themselves and start a freedom movement. Certainly no one can stop Hazaras from their freedom and having Free State of their own because it is their basic human rights.

Anyone who is denying the rights of Hazaras to have their own homeland free is denying the human rights of Hazaras. Hazaras are already broken the siege and they have spread all over globe. It is the responsibility of every Hazara to work hard for making themselves able to contribute in freedom of Hazarajat.

At the same time we call on international community and all those individuals and groups who respect freedom, human rights and democracy to voice and stand for the most basic right of Hazaras and that is freedom of their homeland. Freedom of Hazarajat is not a political issue but it is the matter of survival of Hazaras. Hazaras existence is under threat in Afghanistan and will remain under threat in Afghanistan. If the international community especially USA and EU who are leading the war on terror and supervising the Afghan government in Kabul continue to ignore Hazarajat and don’t work to ensure existence and survival of Hazaras and Hazarajat then they will be responsible for all massacres that will follow after their leaving Afghanistan. Soon or later they will leave Afghanistan so not freeing Hazarajat as a free state for Hazaras means to put Hazaras back under axe of afghan expansionism and global terrorism.

Can Capitalism survive without interventions?

After first signs of economic melt down in 2009, I wrote this knol... Is it still valid, I leave the judgment to you...

INTRODUCTION

The economic downturn continues. Bailout planes are announced but still there is no cure. The hardliner capitalists who always speak of capability of market to heal and organize itself without intervention of government are silent on the subject. The bailout plans are crossing the national borders and the international powers are putting hands together to put more money into the IMF to use the global economic depression for deeper interventions in the poor countries of the world. Does really capitalism run on interventions? Before we go to answer the question, I put another question and that is, “Does capitalism needs interventions because it needs external sources of wealth and support to grow?

Intervention of slavery

To answer this question we have to use the logic of history. Feudalism was near to collapse due renaissance and massive trades through sea and oceans similarly expansions into new lands and other nations became possible due to bullets and steam engines. The new lands were the asking for wide cultivations and promising great profits. The new lands and the unequal trades with other nations were the sources of the first capitals and introductions of the capitalist system to replace the feudalism.

Hence the capitalism started with interventions of wealth coming from new lands and looting of the colonies. As there was not industrial revolution yet so the new lands required labor to be cultivated. There was not enough capital to hire labor for cultivations so the first capitalist started to abducting the black African and making them slaves for forced works on the fields. The massive abductions of the Black African were another intervention into newly established capitalist system.

Intervention of Industrialization:

The capital earned from new lands and slavery produced enough surpluses to be invested for producing goods. The investment of the surpluses led to industrial revolution. New factories also required labors so the poor people are hired by industrialists for massive productions. As the only purpose of these industries were profit and the work environment were new for workers, managers and owners so they led to revolt. It was this era and the experiences of this era that helped Carl Marx to develop his revolutionary ideas. The ideas of the Marx were first revolt against the capitalism.

We can understand that why the Marxism developed in the second phase of the interventionism. Because in first phases of the interventionism the slaves were unable to interact with their masters cultures and understand the political and economical cultures of their masters. On the other hand the white industrial laborers were the members of the same society and were familiar with the economical and political cultures of their society so the revolt began the socialism and capitalism were put forwarded as alternative systems to capitalism.

Intervention of assembly line production

The revolt of the labors and competitions among the industries were making the capitalism towards failure as depressions were common after a decade or two. The inventions of the assembly line production method which lower the costs of the productions and made it to produce massively and so to present cheap labors. New industries and mass productions along the falling prices of the commodities were led to an economic growth and sudden increase of the middle class. The increasing number of the middle class was the reason for stability of the society. The assembly line was a technological intervention into capitalism.

The great depression of the 1930’s were temporarily healed by war economy but the real solution to capitalism come by another technological interventions and that was automations of the assembly line productions. The assembly line automations and followed automations were the real technological interventions and it was strengthen by computerization.

The technological interventions proved that technological interventions are an essential part of the capitalism to survive. As the automations and computerizations of the industries were asking for more skilled labors and so the wages went high. New industries became costly as they required heavy investments. To keep paces of the capitalism intact and to save the capitalism from collapsing another intervention introduced into systems and it was called privatization.

Intervention of Privatization

Privatization was a step that capitalist governments introduced to inject the public properties, infrastructures, industries and businesses to capital market. Privatization was a real injection of public money into private businesses. It was good for rich countries like UK but it was a disastrous experience in poor countries like Pakistan where the feudalism has strong hold in politics and economics of the country. In rich countries like UK, the public money remained in country and attracted more businesses or simply leads to an economic boom but in poor countries like Pakistan the public money and businesses flew out of country.

Though privatization speeds up the rates of growth of the capital markets but as it is a trend of the capital market that it could only could be saved out of the economics collapse by regular interventions or injections after particular intervals so the markets required new interventions. This time the businesses required the cheap and skillful labors. China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and like Asian countries had cheap and skillful labors so businesses shifted their business units in these areas. It resulted in shift of the technologies and labor markets and created an economical boom in India, China, and Malaysia and like countries.

Intervention of bailouts

The surpluses that have been accumulated during each intervention in market encourage new businesses like lending on profits by banks in areas like housing, transport, businesses, education, etc. Certainly these are the areas that people needs most and on urgent basis. The high level of demands in these areas caused the rapid growth of the lending businesses. As banks use the trust of the people rather than their actual reserves so the lending exceeds beyond the capacity of these banks. Soon the banks were not able to fulfill their responsibilities so the banks started to collapse.

This was the situation was different. It was not only markets but the houses, jobs, businesses, educations and health of the people that were at risk. The popular appraisal was not far if the governments were not quick to act. Here more problems were also making it serious. There were no competitive systems competing with capitalism to blame them for global economic crisis. There was only one system ruling the world unchallenging so all the economic down turns and collapses were due to defects in capitalist systems. Beside the rebellions forces like Russia, Iran, Venezuela and Cuba were using energy sectors to challenge the Imperialist West, so it was natural to look into sudden global recession as planned counter attacks on such forces. The countries that most suffered were the gulf Arabian countries whose economics were totally dependent on energy exports and direct foreign investments. The cities like Dubai which had become a global financial hub of the area were questioned about its models as genuine.
The government soon stepped in, intervened directly into capital markets by crushing their principles as non interventionism or free markets. The first phases of the bailouts failed so the next phases of heavy public money bailout planes are working in markets and we have to wait to see the outcomes.

The present interventions by the governments into markets had made one point very clear and that is free market is only workable if the government is always have reserve to come to its safety after each intervals there are no ending intervals.

Catastrophes favor evolution by creating new environments and ecosystems

There may be disagreements on the causes of mass extinctions but one thing is certain that mass extinctions had catastrophic effects on the living organisms of those particular times. Until now 90 to 97% of all species that ever existed went extinct. No doubt there are strong evidences of bolides impacts in different times that some of them coincide with mass extinctions, the most famous one is Chicxulubm impact crater that is coincided with K-T boundary or Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Similarly the Hydrogen Sulfide that is deposited by action of anaerobic bacteria may cause mass extinctions. Beside movements of plates causing volcanic activities or accretion of large pieces of lands to make supercontinents cause hot house and cold house periods. All of these processes in some way were proved to be catastrophic for organisms living on those times. But the question is, is these mass extinctions stopped or reversed evolution or favored evolution. The Paleontological record clearly shows that catastrophes favor evolution. We observe a rapid growth of newly evolved organisms after each mass-extinction. The rise of reptiles after Permo-Triassic and the rise of mammals and flowering plants after Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction is two famous examples that majority of the people are familiar. What is driving the rapid rate of evolution after mass extinction? Certainly, the empty space and energy sources that are left by earlier organisms are the incentives for the developments of new set of adaptations to get benefits from. Again energy is driving evolution.

1- Mammals were existing throughout Mesozoic era but this era were the era of dominance of massive reptiles and Dinosaurs. Mammals were smaller in sizes. During the K-T mass extinctions all animals weighing more than 50 Kilograms went extinct. As mammals were small in size throught of the Mesozoic era, so this mass extinction that killed massive reptiles provoide space and energy available to smaller mammlas and mammals rapidly evolved and diversified soon after K-T mass extinction and throughout Cenozoic period.

2- Reptiles just gulp their prey which is not an efficient use of nutrition. On other hand mammals articulation of jaws and diversification of teeth for crushing, tearing and cutting the food and get more calories from the food. These effecient extraction of energy as well as diverfication of diets made mammals able to survive extinction as well as to diversify in post extinction era.

3- Synapsids (Mammal like reptiles) and trilobites went extinct during Permo-Triassic mass extinction so as a large part of forests that become abundant in Carboniferous but fungi flourished during this mass extinction event as decaying forests were provoiding anormous amount of energy. It is known as Fungi Spikes.

4- We see a similar spikes in the K-T mass extinction also, soon after mass extinction, first Ferns dominate, then gymnosperms and lastly angiosperms.

5- Therapsids (Class Synapsida, Order Therapsida) become dominant two times. It became dominant in Permian period but the by Permo-Triassic extinction it declined and it ramained an insignificant group until the Dinosaurs were rulling on land. By extinction of Dinosaurs in K-T mass extinction, it became once again dominant. These two successes were possible because of diversification of teeths and exploitations of energy of diverse foods more efficiently.

Darwin's Finches as an example of catastrophe

Word catastrophe is controversial between evolutionists and creationists so we first define the catastrophe for our usage, "Catastrophe is a sudden change in the environment". Darwin observed that finches in Galapagos have varying sizes of beaks that were specialized for eating different sizes of seeds. Darwin's observations is actually confirming that energy drives evolution. Finches main source energy were seeds ( Some finches are also specialized to eat insects and suck blood. Finches with thick and short beaks specailized in cracking seeds. Finches with relatively thinner and longer beak specailized to hunt on insects and still finches with more thinner and longer beaks specailized to suck blood of other larger birds.) so they specialized their beaks accordingly to not be in competition with each others but despite use all possible energy sources (here seed sizes).

El Nino Event of the 1982- 1983 le to a ten years of the change in habitate and plant composition of the Daphne major isalnd (One of the famous Galapagos islands). These changes in Galapagos islands also changed the availability of different seed sizes. B. Rosemary Grant and Peter R. Grant studies showed that after sever El Nino event of 1982-1983 hybrid fiches survived better than their parental species. The hybrid finches had the intermediate beak sizes relative to their parental beak sizes.

Catastrophe could be very local like acidification of a pond or eutrophication of a lake to global scale like global warming.

Evidence of rapid climate change (Catastrophe)

A press release ( 35/08) of National Environment Research Council (NERC) entitled as, "Rapid Climate Change: past; present; future" (http://www.nerc.ac.uk/press/releases/2008/35-rapid.asp)
starts, "Most climate models predict gradual future changes to climate, related to the steadily increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. But ice and sediment core records reveal that, in the past, climate has changed abruptly - possibly in as little as 10 to 20 years. Such rapid change in the future could make prevention and adaptation strategies difficult and expensive to implement."

Citing the research in arctic it explains, "Research results from the programme revealed that, around 8,000 years ago, Newfoundland, the UK and northern Europe experienced extreme cold and dry conditions. Greenland temperatures were almost 6°C colder than present day. The shift to colder temperatures took only a few decades and lasted for about 160 years. It is thought that a rush of melt-water into the North Atlantic caused the slowdown of the Atlantic conveyor, leading to the colder conditions."

Global warming

Global warming is a hot issue. Certainly there are environmental activists and industrialists who conflict each other on a lot of issues. It is beyond any conflict that anthropogenic pollutions and misuse of natural resources, lands, oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, glaciers etc have not only endagered a lot of species but also threatening and costing human health. It is also beyond the doubt that there must be researches, legislations, monitoring and restoration of natural environments.

BUT

The big question arise from the geological history. In geological past when there were no human so everything were natural again we observe cyclic periods of cold and warm ages. Besides we observe evidences of mass extinctions. Though we have not to worry much about them as they occur in geological time scale (millions of years) but still what about a meteorite impact that is more swift and quick? What is our preparation or atleast some solutions for them?

An important point:

In our times we observe that tropical regions are abundant in both number of species and diversity of life forms and as we go towards poles the number of species and their diversity decreases. As global waming and anthropogenic pollutions and habitate disturbance is forcing a lot of organisms towards the extinction the most rapid rate of extinction is seen in tropics where life is most abundant. So naturally a question arise, that in geological past time when catastrophic forces were pushing the organisms towards extinction, were they affecting the tropical area with high intesity than polar regions with least diversity of life forms?
Based on the uniformiterian principles, certainly it was the case. Tropical regions had higher rates of mass extinctions as well as higher rate of mass recovery or spikes in post mass extinction events than polar regions. Temperature, nutrient availability and heavy precipitations are few factos that make tropical regions an engine of extinctions and recovery of life forms.

In other words tropical regions have higher energy levels so it has higher rate of evolution and polar regions has low energy levels and hence low rate of evolution.


External Links:

1- http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/mass-extinction.html

2- http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/2265625

References:

1. B. Rosemary Grant, Peter R. Grant, High Survival of Darwin's Finch Hybrids: Effects of Beak Morphology and Diets, Ecology (Journal) 1996 77:2, 500-509 (Pages)

This was part of my effort to rethink evolution. Feel free to criticize, suggest points and comment...

Energy drives evolution

Evolution didn't start 3.8 billion years ago but it may have started 13.7 billion years ago with big bang. We usually refer evolution to biological evolution but 13.7 billion years ago there were no biological evolution. There were only energy. So the story of evolution starts with energy. There weren't any chemical reaction as elements weren't evolved yet. In few minutes the nucleosystheis started with led to evolution of elements. It is late after evolution of stars and the formation of circumstellar environments which led to the start of chemical reaction. The disc around the stars from which planets and other heavenly objects formed and were the appropriate place for chemical reaction. Again energy and energy level is key in evolution. In earlier hot environment of big bang and nucleosynthesis processes in stars the chemical reaction weren't possible (Chemical reaction is the transfer of electron(s) and different pattern of sharing of electrons to bind the atoms/elements to make molecules or compounds and it all depends on the energy levels). The biological evolution on earth is very late to leave some evidence of its existence perhaps in 3.8 billion years age when earth was 0.7 billion years old. For 700,000,000 years the earth was without life.

How energy have driven the evolution?

Diversity and diversity within habitats and modes of life is clear evidence of evolution. Does this diversity indicate competition and natural selection or is it the result of a search for exploitation of available sources of energy? Following are some examples:

Ecosystem

Ecosystem is a delicate balance between physical, chemical and biological components of it. Top down control and bottom up control is very famous in trophic levels of a terresterial ecosystem like, lake, which have simple food chains. A change in one of these components affect others. Similarly inorganic and oganic cycles of chemicals and nutrients are dependent on each other. Even the relation of organisms among themselves are delicately balanced. Prey and predation is interdependant on each other. Change in predators affect on prey populations and sizes and similarly changes in prey population and sizes affect on predators. The effect of changes in one component of a food web can be observed throughout the food web. This delicacy of balance is all controlled by supply of energy (sunlight, temperature, nutrient supply, supply of gases, water and some essential minerals). Following we go for more examples in ecosystem,

Chemoautotrophs

The earlier life forms were chemoautotrophs which were getting their energy from inorganic molecules (oxidation of electron donating molecules in anaerobic environments) to expoite the carbon dioxide for synthesis of organic molecules. Because iron were frequent and free oxygen were rare in earlier hot crust (on hydrothermal vents) so earlier life forms exploiting these energy source (to get electron from Iron II by oxidizing them into iron III).

Glycolysis:

It is assumed that earlier oceans or water bodies were filled with organic compounds but free oxygen were rare. In this nutrient rich anoxic environment the led the life forms of that time to exploit this energy source by evolving a mechanism known as glycolysis. Glycolysis is a process of gaining energy by break down of glucose in anaerobic environment to lactic acid. Glycolysis is still used in all living cells.

Archaea

Archaea is famous for living in extreme environments and also in mild environments. Those groups of Archaea which live in extreme environments got the name of extremophile. Let's acidophile living in acidic environments, alkalophile living in alkaline environments, Halophiles living in saline environments and thermophile living in high temperature environments. Living in these extreme environments make Scientists think of their extraterrestrial origins. Why archae is adapted these extreme environments, have a very simple answer to exploit the energy of these environments.

Looking for energy:

From flagella, psuedopodia in unicellular organisms to position of mouth on the upper side and anterior of the animals indicate that energy is the primary drive of organims. Organisms with head protected by some sort of shield (exoskeleton, tentacles and cranium) have concentrated their main senses which detect food source in the head region and near their chief senses is provoided an apparatus for taking up of food (mouth). The shape of head depend on the main receptors which may be photorecptor, chemoreceptor, thermorecptor or sensors to detect sound or movements.

Symbiosis

Why organims are cooperating if the life is the result of competations. Symbiosis of organims led to the concept of Co-evolution. Why flowers specialized themselves (evolved) to attract the birds, insects, bats and animals? Mutualism, commensalism and parasitisms are evolution of organisms to exploit available energy by help of each other and even at the expense of each other.

Fungi

Fungi is a unique group that evolved a life habit, shared both by plants and animals. It evolved from a unicellular stem eukaryotes. Its nutrition mode is like animals by enzymatic digestion (unlike internal digestion in animals it has evolved an external digestion) and absorption. A diverse range of habitate and mode of life show the opportunistic natures of fungi. Fungi are important decomposers, active predators, parasites and also symbionts. These diversities and a life habit of between land and plants is not a signature of competition but instead struggles to exploite available sources of energy.

Herbivores, Carnivores and Decomposers

Certainly earlier life forms evolved autotrophy by which they could use gases, water and energy from sunlight to produce their food. Why then some life form evolved not to produce their food but consume food produced by photosynthetic organisms. This consumption is not an easy process. It requires a lot of specailization to break down the stored food and get energy out of it. Still some other organisms evolved to eat herbivores evolving the ability of predation besides digestion. And to complete the cycle another group of organisms to break down the dead bodies of all organisms to not only get energy for themselves but also provoide primary producers or photosynthetic organisms the essential elements they requires for prodcuing food. Are these opportunistic and cooperative mode of life indicating competition or a search for possible sources of energy and an escape from competition?

Homology

Homology is used as an evidence of common descent. Yes it is true but what organisms living in different evironments and with different adaptations still the same pattern of structures in the body? If we take the famous example forearms in vertebrates, A forearm in marine organisms like whale, organisms living on land like human, those fly in air like birds, those living on trees like monkeys, those living in mountains like volves, those living in poles like white bear, those living in tropics like tree frogs who have adopted so contrasting environments and doing different functions but still retained the same structures of bones. Though the length proportions of bones have modified according to the energy required by body size and environments in which they live but still the same structures and use of leverage for swimming, flight, climbing, running, defence, and complex works in case of human must have also have functional reasons beside common descent.

Gravity pull us when we move against it. Certainly organisms get their energy from metabolisms and the organs which functions require movements to get energy from external environments and make available for us. These movements require a support system. Though metabolism provoides the energy required for this support but organisms tends to be energy effcient, so they use the leverage system which use gravity itself to move against it.

Homology is the evidence of efficient use of energy besides common descent.

This was part of my effort to rethink evolution... Of course, it is not done yet... So feel free to criticize, suggest points or comment...