At Appalachian State University we had a general conversation with few students. Sure! The culture was at the focus as students were from United States and we were from Pakistan. It was not two countries but two cultures that were involved in conversation. I was amazed when one of the students said that United States has no culture and I love to live in a cultured society. I brought up in a Quetta City where we have four distinct areas culturally. Hazaras, Pashtuns, Baluchis and rest of urdu and Punjabi speaking people are have their particular areas. For example Alamdar road and Hazara town is totally different from rest of city. Here Hazaragi culture is distinct not only in Quetta city but in whole Pakistan. Alamdar road is known as little Tokyo. I have seen diversity of culture in a single city and people in my city are culturally very conscious. In fact all economical and political and even educational activities revolve around cultural identity.
It was really shocking for me to know that one of the largest and advanced countries of world has no particular culture. To observe the reality of this hypothesis I become more conscious in observing people around me to know more about U.S.A and if succeeded to find out its particulars. A few points that I found are as follows:
A- Distance:-
The first and most obvious thing that I observed in the American culture is distance. It is more obvious from the housings and homes are at the distances. The Americans are very conscious of their distance and one can clearly observe the distance everywhere from environment to aspects in the personal lives (They are taught to not interact with strangers). I think it is the part of American psyche that have developed due to immigrations that took place from different areas of Europe, Africa and Asia. It may also root in concept of personal freedom as American immigrated to new continent in search of economic and personal freedoms.
B- Diversity:-
Once can find the people of different cultures that have adopted the western cultures but in their own manners. The liberty and democracy nourished that these diversities survive though they are threatened by pop economics and rapidly changing pop cultures.
C- Living for economics:-
As most of people immigrated to America in search of good life hence economics are the central point in American life. All other things are secondary to Americans. Their behaviors, life styles, education all and all revolve around economics. The profitism are mechanism of the American thoughts so we can say that profitism is the mechanism of American culture.
D- No generalization of culture (individualism):
American society has not differentiated into a general culture representative of America. People serve their personal goals and their identities. The personal identity is the core of the American life rooted in Capitalist thoughts. It is not statue of liberty which represents the concept of liberty and individualism but behaviors, preferences and life styles are evidences of this mind set.
E- Human relations revolve around interests:-
As good life is the dream of every American and good life can't be acquired without the ability to buy hence everyone evaluate others through their role in making their lives. Capitalism is ruling the relations in a very cold manner. It is strange to people who have brought up in cultures where relations are first preference to all other things. A stronger commitment to money than a human is really shocking for people who think that all things are for human.
F- Professionalisms:-
The most important thing about the American culture is that everyone has a tendency to stretch himself/herself for excellence. Though a large population's struggle remains only struggle but real excellences make their way out to lead the world.
G- Praise for speed:
Either it is travel, work or social interactions, there is a common sense of praising for speed. Even U.S.A is broadly divided into fast moving northern areas and slow moving southern areas.
Conclusions
Two very important conclusions that I got from my American visit till now are as follows:-
1) Human may change far from where we stand today. Totally new social, economical, political and cultural structure may develop but the affection of mother towards her children will remain same (exceptions are everywhere and every time). I have seen that a wife may betray her husband but a mother never betrays her children.
2) The human evolution and civilization may grow human into totally unimaginable stages but again, the largest portions of the people will remain common and there will be very less special people in all times and all societies. In other words majority of people are common whether they are member of a civilized nation or barbarian nation, whether they belong to a developed nation or underdeveloped nation and a very small fraction of people are special people whether they belong to develop or an under developed nation. Common people have no match with special ones in any society.
Saturday, January 14, 2012
Obstacles to globalization
Ice Age:
Some may wonder how the Red Indians reached America; Aborigines reached Australia, and Japanese reached Japan. There are several islands small and large in pacific areas where people live from ancient times. Sure it was the ice age that facilitated the immigration from continent to continent. The ice covered oceans met the technology that Paleolithic era Homo sapiens had for immigration. The cold season and lack of preys forced the immigrations. It was need and facility of the ice age that led to continent to continent immigration. By the end of the ice age this facility and compulsion was no more there so the immigrations stopped and people in these continents remain isolated for coming thousands of years. Now the vast oceans were the barriers between people of continents so the globalization that facilitated by ice age were stopped.
Age of Empires:
The people of ancient times were too poor in terms of economics and technologies to walk for globalization but the empires were so rich in terms of economics and resources that continued to globalized their powers in search of more resources and powers. Binding the people of different regions of earth with different languages, interests and identities into the globalized objectives of emperors the religions were the most suitable tools. Religions have a universal humanitarian appeal and ask for sacrifices to fellow human beings. The emperors used religions as a vital tool for expanding their empires and the religious authorities supported the empires to propagate their empires. The Romans, Europeans kings, Arab Caliphs, Mongols, Turks all of emperors that had a global expansions beyond the boundaries of tribes, languages and cultures used the religion to bind the people loyal to them by using the religious believes. Here the strengths of emperors and the universal humanitarian appeals were the forces of globalizations. The poverty of common people both in terms of wealth and technology were the barriers for globalization.
Age of machines:
The poverty of wealth and technology that were the key obstacles of ancients and Middle Ages and by advent of scientific era and machines started they started decreasing. A new class of people emerged known as middle class people. The surplus and mass productions required new markets and hence lead to discovery of new trade routes and lands for new markets. The profit and machines become the new tools for globalization. It empowered the multinational companies like East India company to expand its trade and markets into continents. The machines and mass productions have created problems also and it was exploitations of laborers and consumers. Hence the strong voices like Karl Marx and leftist revolutionists become another aspect of globalization. Rebellions have also put a new trend in globalization. Laborers and consumers expanded their reach and voices beyond the borders of nation states and continents.
Machines help men in their works and have no identity of themselves and hence they were well come in every society and the societies with high level of resistance to foreign elements, the machines made their roots and changed the behaviors and trends of people. It is the products of machines which determine the behavior of men and creating trends and traditions. Machines also determine the trends of globalization:
- Machines that produce goods expand the markets.
- Machines that produce vehicles and means of transport bring close the markets.
- Machines that produce weapons and killing machines determine political economics of globe by setting rules of the games with powers with a better ability to kill more people.
- Machines that cause global warming and epidemic or popular diseases activating individuals, organizations and nation states beyond the global positions.
- Economic collapses of economic organizations and selective immigrations are also the results of the misuse of the machines that concern people beyond the borders and compel them to think of global solutions to economy.
- Machines that facilitate communication expand the knowledge and information beyond every possible border.
As machines and profits were the engines for globalization similarly they were the barriers for globalization. The people with more powerful and capable killing machines made the peace and security a business. The blood, dignity, identity, and wealth of wealthy people become more respectful and for maintaining of this respects the bloods, dignity, identity and wealth of common and less fortunate people burnt to ashes. Some fortunate people who born in these wealthy areas have no boundary for their visits and majority of people around the world have no permission to visit other areas of the world. Their passports can have written names of countries of world but visiting these areas are forbidden for them.
Still the poverty of power is the greatest barrier for globalizations. The power is the largest obstacles that even wealth and technology stood still to this strong barrier.
Age of information:
As we have discussed earlier that machines determine the trends of the globalization. The machines that facilitated the communication also facilitated the expansions of information and knowledge. Information and Knowledge have empowered individuals to communicate beyond the borders but still it couldn’t help individuals to cope with tyranny of power created by killing machines and condensed wealth. There are needs for thinkers and activists to use this age of information against the global barriers for global justice. The thinkers and activist should work hard to help reach the benefits of globalization to human beings around the globe. It is the most basic human rights that unfortunately not included in now accepted and advocated human rights. The “information based technology” and “professional democracy” is my efforts towards removing global barriers for global justice. You can search them in Knol and also can send me your opinions and perspectives.
Some may wonder how the Red Indians reached America; Aborigines reached Australia, and Japanese reached Japan. There are several islands small and large in pacific areas where people live from ancient times. Sure it was the ice age that facilitated the immigration from continent to continent. The ice covered oceans met the technology that Paleolithic era Homo sapiens had for immigration. The cold season and lack of preys forced the immigrations. It was need and facility of the ice age that led to continent to continent immigration. By the end of the ice age this facility and compulsion was no more there so the immigrations stopped and people in these continents remain isolated for coming thousands of years. Now the vast oceans were the barriers between people of continents so the globalization that facilitated by ice age were stopped.
Age of Empires:
The people of ancient times were too poor in terms of economics and technologies to walk for globalization but the empires were so rich in terms of economics and resources that continued to globalized their powers in search of more resources and powers. Binding the people of different regions of earth with different languages, interests and identities into the globalized objectives of emperors the religions were the most suitable tools. Religions have a universal humanitarian appeal and ask for sacrifices to fellow human beings. The emperors used religions as a vital tool for expanding their empires and the religious authorities supported the empires to propagate their empires. The Romans, Europeans kings, Arab Caliphs, Mongols, Turks all of emperors that had a global expansions beyond the boundaries of tribes, languages and cultures used the religion to bind the people loyal to them by using the religious believes. Here the strengths of emperors and the universal humanitarian appeals were the forces of globalizations. The poverty of common people both in terms of wealth and technology were the barriers for globalization.
Age of machines:
The poverty of wealth and technology that were the key obstacles of ancients and Middle Ages and by advent of scientific era and machines started they started decreasing. A new class of people emerged known as middle class people. The surplus and mass productions required new markets and hence lead to discovery of new trade routes and lands for new markets. The profit and machines become the new tools for globalization. It empowered the multinational companies like East India company to expand its trade and markets into continents. The machines and mass productions have created problems also and it was exploitations of laborers and consumers. Hence the strong voices like Karl Marx and leftist revolutionists become another aspect of globalization. Rebellions have also put a new trend in globalization. Laborers and consumers expanded their reach and voices beyond the borders of nation states and continents.
Machines help men in their works and have no identity of themselves and hence they were well come in every society and the societies with high level of resistance to foreign elements, the machines made their roots and changed the behaviors and trends of people. It is the products of machines which determine the behavior of men and creating trends and traditions. Machines also determine the trends of globalization:
- Machines that produce goods expand the markets.
- Machines that produce vehicles and means of transport bring close the markets.
- Machines that produce weapons and killing machines determine political economics of globe by setting rules of the games with powers with a better ability to kill more people.
- Machines that cause global warming and epidemic or popular diseases activating individuals, organizations and nation states beyond the global positions.
- Economic collapses of economic organizations and selective immigrations are also the results of the misuse of the machines that concern people beyond the borders and compel them to think of global solutions to economy.
- Machines that facilitate communication expand the knowledge and information beyond every possible border.
As machines and profits were the engines for globalization similarly they were the barriers for globalization. The people with more powerful and capable killing machines made the peace and security a business. The blood, dignity, identity, and wealth of wealthy people become more respectful and for maintaining of this respects the bloods, dignity, identity and wealth of common and less fortunate people burnt to ashes. Some fortunate people who born in these wealthy areas have no boundary for their visits and majority of people around the world have no permission to visit other areas of the world. Their passports can have written names of countries of world but visiting these areas are forbidden for them.
Still the poverty of power is the greatest barrier for globalizations. The power is the largest obstacles that even wealth and technology stood still to this strong barrier.
Age of information:
As we have discussed earlier that machines determine the trends of the globalization. The machines that facilitated the communication also facilitated the expansions of information and knowledge. Information and Knowledge have empowered individuals to communicate beyond the borders but still it couldn’t help individuals to cope with tyranny of power created by killing machines and condensed wealth. There are needs for thinkers and activists to use this age of information against the global barriers for global justice. The thinkers and activist should work hard to help reach the benefits of globalization to human beings around the globe. It is the most basic human rights that unfortunately not included in now accepted and advocated human rights. The “information based technology” and “professional democracy” is my efforts towards removing global barriers for global justice. You can search them in Knol and also can send me your opinions and perspectives.
The concept of ownership in information based economic system
The concept of ownership is a dividing line between capitalism and socialism. The capitalists are convinced of private ownership based on their principle of free market and socialists convinced of public ownership based on their principle of equal distribution of wealth. Certainly it is the principles which guide a society how to distribute the wealth. The concept of ownership in the information based economy is calculated discipline. Calculated discipline says that one owns what one has produced, has labored on or served for. Based on the principles of the calculated discipline, the information based economy system divides the sources of the wealth into two categories:
1- Natural source of wealth: All natural products like land, rivers, lakes, mountains, plains, oceans, mineral resources, etc, in which men have no contribution to produce them.
2- The Man-made products: All products and services in which the Knowledge, labor, investment and man-made resources are involved like crops, cattle, electricity, fuel, buildings, vehicles, computers, etc .
Natural sources of wealth:
As there is no labor and constructive contribution of men involved in producing the naturally produced sources of wealth like land, rivers, mountains etc so they are the public property and there is no place of private ownership in them. It is a real issue that touches the real lives of everyone. Those who have land or homes encourage the concept of private ownerships and there are billions of people who support the concept of private ownership because it is in their benefit. Similarly there are billions of homeless and landless people who support the public ownership of land so they get land for cultivations, grazing or becoming able to have their own homes. The ownership of land is equally important in villages and cities. There are certain facts which should be kept in mind while deciding the concept of ownership of natural resources:
1- The area of land is fixed. It can’t be increased though the area of productive land can be increased by developing the barren lands like marshy lands, deserts or extending the lands into oceans etc in which the struggles, knowledge and investments of men are involved.
2- The populations of men are increasing exponentially especially due to better conditions of life.
3- Some parts of earth are overcrowded yet more and more people are migrating towards these areas. The highly productive lands, large cities, harbors, mining and fishing areas, etc are already overcrowded. The productive lands are becoming smaller and smaller due to division of lands due to hereditary laws. Smaller divisions of productive lands are becoming no more productive because they are producing crops which fulfilling the needs of families working on them. They can’t supply the needs of people in cities. Similarly the congested cities have less and less land areas to provide new homes for growing population as well as immigrants that migrate from villages, towns and smaller cities. The migrations can’t be stopped because jobs and better living conditions and opportunities are making people determined to migrate to these areas. Presently the solution for this problem is increasing the stories of buildings. The buildings are growing in heights.
4- No labor, knowledge and investments of men are involved in the production of lands and other natural resources.
5- The lands were the source of war and enmities among individuals, tribes, communities, groups of people and nations.
6- The private ownership of lands have caused that many land areas remain uncultivated and unproductive or not used in more efficient ways because either the owners are incapable of doing so or not willing to work on them.
The above mentioned facts led us to a stable and logical solution. By this solution the distribution of wealth and resources can be made more justifiable or based on justice by including the principles and methods based on calculated discipline. It is an inevitable fact that every human society has economic classes so it is logical and practical to divide the economic classes of the societies based on their earning levels and their needs to an accepted level of life standard in a time and place. In information based economy the distribution of wealth is based on the earning levels and the needs of people to an accepted level of life standard in a time and place.
Based on the basic principle of information based economy system the private ownership of lands is prohibited. Lands are the public property. As lands are one the main sources of wealth so the use of there are certain points which information based economic system stress on.
1- As lands are public property so there is no concept of inheritance of land and the laws of inheritance are inapplicable to lands.
2- The cultivated lands are distributed to farmers as not only they could meet the needs of farmers to an accepted life standard in time and place but also supply the national needs. The farmers own all products of lands they work on but the land itself.
3- The unproductive lands are open for competition to development into productive lands to certain limit of time in which the reimbursement of investments and profits are assured.
4- Homes are private property but not lands so in areas needed the government could increase the height of buildings in order to provide homes to all by keeping assured the safety and accepted standards of life.
5- While solving the problems of home, it is necessary that the governments and individuals do respect the religions and traditions of the people by not mixing rival religions and traditional groups so the public unrest are result or the religious and cultural practices of minorities are affected.
Having the above approach we can solve both the problems we are facing now in distribution of wealth as well as we are prepared to meet the futuristic problems. If we continue the private ownerships of the lands and other natural resources the increasing populations and migrations will led us to wide gulf of wealth distributions and development of an unproductive and parasitic group in society who just by having large private ownership influence the fates of productive people.
Man-made sources of wealth:
Certainly what one produces have the right to own it, so the all what one produce is part of his/her private ownerships, especially homes, machines, crops, cattle, intellectual products, etc. The knowledge and technologies are changing the methods and nature of productions. Technologies, machines and knowledge made men able to produce so massively that is even beyond the needs of the nations and masses. But still the economic classes are fact of every society. There is no single society where the economic classes do not exists hence to minimize the gapes among classes and to benefit all parts of society of the developments in knowledge, technologies and national growths it is necessary the taxation on private properties must be based on the earning levels and needs of people to an accepted standards of life in time and place. The important points on which the information based economy system stress are as followings:
1- All the processes of distribution of wealth must be transparent.
2- The distribution of wealth must be based on justice. Here justice means the calculated discipline which ensures the providing all inhabitants an accepted standard of life in a time and place.
3- Provide a workable mechanism for principles of calculated discipline.
4- The governments should be aware of earnings, expending and needs of everyone so she could maintain the transparency and accepted life standard of everyone.
To ensure these points the information based economy system requires all the earnings and expenditures and using of the facilities should be digitalized and part of personal identification of everyone. All the public facilities like shelter, power, communication, food, clothing, and education, health, seeking justice, transportations and other public facilities should be based on earning levels. The earning levels who can’t afford public facilities the government is responsible to pay on their behalf in order to maintain the accepted life standards.
Still those who are creating wealth for society and increasing the life standards and contributing to wealth and development of nations their productivity should not be affected. The government is responsible to facilitate such powers in order to develop the creativity and the ambitions of growth and creativity. The classes in society are a natural process and it can’t vanish but it can be used for the growth and benefits of all classes. The public institutions are to serve both the lower earnings levels and higher earnings levels in order to achieve two objectives:
1- Minimize the gapes of earning levels by maintaining the standards of lives.
2- To increase the rate of growth of growing forces.
1- Natural source of wealth: All natural products like land, rivers, lakes, mountains, plains, oceans, mineral resources, etc, in which men have no contribution to produce them.
2- The Man-made products: All products and services in which the Knowledge, labor, investment and man-made resources are involved like crops, cattle, electricity, fuel, buildings, vehicles, computers, etc .
Natural sources of wealth:
As there is no labor and constructive contribution of men involved in producing the naturally produced sources of wealth like land, rivers, mountains etc so they are the public property and there is no place of private ownership in them. It is a real issue that touches the real lives of everyone. Those who have land or homes encourage the concept of private ownerships and there are billions of people who support the concept of private ownership because it is in their benefit. Similarly there are billions of homeless and landless people who support the public ownership of land so they get land for cultivations, grazing or becoming able to have their own homes. The ownership of land is equally important in villages and cities. There are certain facts which should be kept in mind while deciding the concept of ownership of natural resources:
1- The area of land is fixed. It can’t be increased though the area of productive land can be increased by developing the barren lands like marshy lands, deserts or extending the lands into oceans etc in which the struggles, knowledge and investments of men are involved.
2- The populations of men are increasing exponentially especially due to better conditions of life.
3- Some parts of earth are overcrowded yet more and more people are migrating towards these areas. The highly productive lands, large cities, harbors, mining and fishing areas, etc are already overcrowded. The productive lands are becoming smaller and smaller due to division of lands due to hereditary laws. Smaller divisions of productive lands are becoming no more productive because they are producing crops which fulfilling the needs of families working on them. They can’t supply the needs of people in cities. Similarly the congested cities have less and less land areas to provide new homes for growing population as well as immigrants that migrate from villages, towns and smaller cities. The migrations can’t be stopped because jobs and better living conditions and opportunities are making people determined to migrate to these areas. Presently the solution for this problem is increasing the stories of buildings. The buildings are growing in heights.
4- No labor, knowledge and investments of men are involved in the production of lands and other natural resources.
5- The lands were the source of war and enmities among individuals, tribes, communities, groups of people and nations.
6- The private ownership of lands have caused that many land areas remain uncultivated and unproductive or not used in more efficient ways because either the owners are incapable of doing so or not willing to work on them.
The above mentioned facts led us to a stable and logical solution. By this solution the distribution of wealth and resources can be made more justifiable or based on justice by including the principles and methods based on calculated discipline. It is an inevitable fact that every human society has economic classes so it is logical and practical to divide the economic classes of the societies based on their earning levels and their needs to an accepted level of life standard in a time and place. In information based economy the distribution of wealth is based on the earning levels and the needs of people to an accepted level of life standard in a time and place.
Based on the basic principle of information based economy system the private ownership of lands is prohibited. Lands are the public property. As lands are one the main sources of wealth so the use of there are certain points which information based economic system stress on.
1- As lands are public property so there is no concept of inheritance of land and the laws of inheritance are inapplicable to lands.
2- The cultivated lands are distributed to farmers as not only they could meet the needs of farmers to an accepted life standard in time and place but also supply the national needs. The farmers own all products of lands they work on but the land itself.
3- The unproductive lands are open for competition to development into productive lands to certain limit of time in which the reimbursement of investments and profits are assured.
4- Homes are private property but not lands so in areas needed the government could increase the height of buildings in order to provide homes to all by keeping assured the safety and accepted standards of life.
5- While solving the problems of home, it is necessary that the governments and individuals do respect the religions and traditions of the people by not mixing rival religions and traditional groups so the public unrest are result or the religious and cultural practices of minorities are affected.
Having the above approach we can solve both the problems we are facing now in distribution of wealth as well as we are prepared to meet the futuristic problems. If we continue the private ownerships of the lands and other natural resources the increasing populations and migrations will led us to wide gulf of wealth distributions and development of an unproductive and parasitic group in society who just by having large private ownership influence the fates of productive people.
Man-made sources of wealth:
Certainly what one produces have the right to own it, so the all what one produce is part of his/her private ownerships, especially homes, machines, crops, cattle, intellectual products, etc. The knowledge and technologies are changing the methods and nature of productions. Technologies, machines and knowledge made men able to produce so massively that is even beyond the needs of the nations and masses. But still the economic classes are fact of every society. There is no single society where the economic classes do not exists hence to minimize the gapes among classes and to benefit all parts of society of the developments in knowledge, technologies and national growths it is necessary the taxation on private properties must be based on the earning levels and needs of people to an accepted standards of life in time and place. The important points on which the information based economy system stress are as followings:
1- All the processes of distribution of wealth must be transparent.
2- The distribution of wealth must be based on justice. Here justice means the calculated discipline which ensures the providing all inhabitants an accepted standard of life in a time and place.
3- Provide a workable mechanism for principles of calculated discipline.
4- The governments should be aware of earnings, expending and needs of everyone so she could maintain the transparency and accepted life standard of everyone.
To ensure these points the information based economy system requires all the earnings and expenditures and using of the facilities should be digitalized and part of personal identification of everyone. All the public facilities like shelter, power, communication, food, clothing, and education, health, seeking justice, transportations and other public facilities should be based on earning levels. The earning levels who can’t afford public facilities the government is responsible to pay on their behalf in order to maintain the accepted life standards.
Still those who are creating wealth for society and increasing the life standards and contributing to wealth and development of nations their productivity should not be affected. The government is responsible to facilitate such powers in order to develop the creativity and the ambitions of growth and creativity. The classes in society are a natural process and it can’t vanish but it can be used for the growth and benefits of all classes. The public institutions are to serve both the lower earnings levels and higher earnings levels in order to achieve two objectives:
1- Minimize the gapes of earning levels by maintaining the standards of lives.
2- To increase the rate of growth of growing forces.
Analyzing the history of democratization by Western coalition:
Introduction:
The Western Coalition led by USA has a history from 2nd world war. It succeeded in democratization of West Germany and Japan and to make these two countries a role model of material growth and development under liberal democracy. The Western Germany with liberal capitalist democracy and the Eastern Germany as a red socialist country were the frontline between Capitalist camp and communist camp. The wall divided the Western and Eastern Germany was indicating the physical existence of the iron curtain. The collapse of this wall and the conversion of USSR and China’s communist economies into more capitalized economies were the all the evidence of the successful strategies of Western Coalition in democratization of countries.
Certainly the successful democratization process has encouraged the policy makers and the political thinkers in USA to apply their same strategies in other parts of the world, where the values are rivaling the values of liberal capitalist democracy. It is why forces and thinkers arose in US by the name of “neocons” or neoconservatives who wanted to continue the same policies under the policy famed as “project of new American century”.
All other events after the 9/11 events are well known to all. The success of democratization in Iraq was rapid but the Afghanistan proved totally different form all previous examples even from Vietnam. Following is the analysis of the events:
Democratization of Germany and Japan after 2nd World War by Western Coalition:
Germany was a combat force in Europe and Japan in pacific area who had nationalistic ambitions of global glory and supremacy. They were enemies of the Western coalition before and during Second World War. The main threat to the Western Coalition was the ideology of racial supremacy. Soon after the end of war the western coalition started to democratize the Western Germany and Japan to achieve three objectives:
1- Convert the ideology of racial supremacy into westernized national democracies.
2- Making Western Germany and Japan an economic, democratic and military giant to stop the expansion of communist ideology which were strong in Russia and were taking strong roots in pacific region especially in China, Korea and Vietnam.
3- Democratization of the Western Germany accompanied by the European Recovery Plan (Also known as Marshal Plan) was aimed to keep the markets open for Western Alliance products and prevent another economic recession.
Democratization of Iraq by Western Coalition:
In Iraq the democratization succeeded to a certain limit because of the demographic division of the country. In south there is the majority of Shia population and in north there were Kurds and the small minority of the radical Sunnis were mostly in central area who hosted the Al Qaida extremists. The Stable south and North helped the democratization to succeed. Both shias in south and Kurds in north had struggled for their freedom during Sadam regime. It was the roots of people in south and north of the country in the movements for their autonomy that helped in success of democratizations and stabilization of the country.
Democratization of Afghanistan by Western Coalition:
The history of democratization efforts by Western Coalition in West Germany and Japan after Second World War and the democratization of Iraq in war against terror have some lessons to learn while coming to Afghanistan. Neglecting the history and tradition of people will result in failure of the democratization efforts. Democracy is the will of people. If a group of people do not want a democratic culture it won’t work. The western coalition need to think of Afghanistan as different entities despite a nation.
In Germany and Japan there were national movements and there were will for change and national glory so the process of democratization was successful and they rise as glorious nations. Still the US had to investigate that which nations are capable of changing. The Pashtoon community in Afghanistan is resisting to democratization. The reason is clear and that is pashtoon culture. The religious leaders and the tribal leaders are two sources of the authority in Pahtoon society and both of these authorities are ant-democratizations trends. What are called jirgas are under influence of these two sources of authority including the dominating powers from governments and businessmen in case of pakhtoons. But still these sources of authorities are susceptible to change if they were not rooted in radical Sunni sect of Islam. It is this ideology that is unchangeable because they are rooted in beliefs of people. This ideology asks for supremacy, dominance and use of every means to achieve them. As the Pashtoons have the regional Alliance in Arabian countries and radical sunnis around the world especially in South Asia, and northern Africa and central Asian countries so the Western coalition couldn’t neglect them, especially the rich Arab countries who have heavy investments and business ties with Western coalition so there are more important things than simply democratization.
Other nations in northern alliance like Hazaras, Tajiks and Uzbeks can flourish the democratic values but unfortunately they were especially the Hazaras are neglected. World less knows about the revolution in Hazarajat. Prior the Russian invasion of Afghanistan Hazaras had a feudal system. After the Russian invasion when Mujahidin were engaged in resistance against Russia there were resistance movements in Hazarajat against feudal lords and Tribal leaders. Feudal system collapsed and the common people empowered in Hazarajat. The Shura or community councils became the decision makers in Hazarajat. The fates of people were in hands of people, so the Hazaras were the most optimistic and susceptible to change.
The Hazaras are neglected and the whole concentrations went to Pashtoon areas, where the newly built schools were burnt and the roads and bridges were destroyed by road side bombs but they were rebuilt. The tax money of Western people is used to serve the people who don’t want them but the people who were regularly asking for them were ignored. Hazarajat have only get 2.5 kilometer road paved with no university, electricity and health care system. The shuras never empowered and the literacy and educations were not focused. The people are helping themselves in reconstructions and education but they were also no empowered.
This is main reason that the democratization process in Afghanistan is not getting root while in Iraq it got roots. While democratization process is not getting roots in Afghanistan so it has some consequences.
There are certain points which may are changing the minds of Hazaras and it is time to stop them from becoming so.
1- The funding, concentrations, developments and authority are going in areas where, from where Taliban had risen and there are strong physical and ideological support for Taliban. The Taliban is rooted in the culture of that people and for changing culture a long period of time is required.
2- The separatist movements of Baluchis and their tactics in targeting non-Baluch civilian to pressurize the government. The civilian are soft targets and so both Baluchis and Taliban are targeting civilian. This tactic made different civilian groups and their representatives in governments to support the separatists’ movements in order to minimize their losses.
Certainly the Hazaras are in midst of these processes. Neglecting the demand and desires of hazaras are making these feeling more extensive. The tactics of Taliban, Baluch separatists and ignoring of Hazaras and Hazarajat by international community are topics of discussions between Hazaras which are leading them to conclusion of separatists’ movements.
Certainly the separatists’ movements of Hazaras will affect the geopolitical situation of the area. It is the responsibility of the Western coalition to help Hazaras in their destinations and make the changing situation a non-violent transformation.
The Western Coalition led by USA has a history from 2nd world war. It succeeded in democratization of West Germany and Japan and to make these two countries a role model of material growth and development under liberal democracy. The Western Germany with liberal capitalist democracy and the Eastern Germany as a red socialist country were the frontline between Capitalist camp and communist camp. The wall divided the Western and Eastern Germany was indicating the physical existence of the iron curtain. The collapse of this wall and the conversion of USSR and China’s communist economies into more capitalized economies were the all the evidence of the successful strategies of Western Coalition in democratization of countries.
Certainly the successful democratization process has encouraged the policy makers and the political thinkers in USA to apply their same strategies in other parts of the world, where the values are rivaling the values of liberal capitalist democracy. It is why forces and thinkers arose in US by the name of “neocons” or neoconservatives who wanted to continue the same policies under the policy famed as “project of new American century”.
All other events after the 9/11 events are well known to all. The success of democratization in Iraq was rapid but the Afghanistan proved totally different form all previous examples even from Vietnam. Following is the analysis of the events:
Democratization of Germany and Japan after 2nd World War by Western Coalition:
Germany was a combat force in Europe and Japan in pacific area who had nationalistic ambitions of global glory and supremacy. They were enemies of the Western coalition before and during Second World War. The main threat to the Western Coalition was the ideology of racial supremacy. Soon after the end of war the western coalition started to democratize the Western Germany and Japan to achieve three objectives:
1- Convert the ideology of racial supremacy into westernized national democracies.
2- Making Western Germany and Japan an economic, democratic and military giant to stop the expansion of communist ideology which were strong in Russia and were taking strong roots in pacific region especially in China, Korea and Vietnam.
3- Democratization of the Western Germany accompanied by the European Recovery Plan (Also known as Marshal Plan) was aimed to keep the markets open for Western Alliance products and prevent another economic recession.
Democratization of Iraq by Western Coalition:
In Iraq the democratization succeeded to a certain limit because of the demographic division of the country. In south there is the majority of Shia population and in north there were Kurds and the small minority of the radical Sunnis were mostly in central area who hosted the Al Qaida extremists. The Stable south and North helped the democratization to succeed. Both shias in south and Kurds in north had struggled for their freedom during Sadam regime. It was the roots of people in south and north of the country in the movements for their autonomy that helped in success of democratizations and stabilization of the country.
Democratization of Afghanistan by Western Coalition:
The history of democratization efforts by Western Coalition in West Germany and Japan after Second World War and the democratization of Iraq in war against terror have some lessons to learn while coming to Afghanistan. Neglecting the history and tradition of people will result in failure of the democratization efforts. Democracy is the will of people. If a group of people do not want a democratic culture it won’t work. The western coalition need to think of Afghanistan as different entities despite a nation.
In Germany and Japan there were national movements and there were will for change and national glory so the process of democratization was successful and they rise as glorious nations. Still the US had to investigate that which nations are capable of changing. The Pashtoon community in Afghanistan is resisting to democratization. The reason is clear and that is pashtoon culture. The religious leaders and the tribal leaders are two sources of the authority in Pahtoon society and both of these authorities are ant-democratizations trends. What are called jirgas are under influence of these two sources of authority including the dominating powers from governments and businessmen in case of pakhtoons. But still these sources of authorities are susceptible to change if they were not rooted in radical Sunni sect of Islam. It is this ideology that is unchangeable because they are rooted in beliefs of people. This ideology asks for supremacy, dominance and use of every means to achieve them. As the Pashtoons have the regional Alliance in Arabian countries and radical sunnis around the world especially in South Asia, and northern Africa and central Asian countries so the Western coalition couldn’t neglect them, especially the rich Arab countries who have heavy investments and business ties with Western coalition so there are more important things than simply democratization.
Other nations in northern alliance like Hazaras, Tajiks and Uzbeks can flourish the democratic values but unfortunately they were especially the Hazaras are neglected. World less knows about the revolution in Hazarajat. Prior the Russian invasion of Afghanistan Hazaras had a feudal system. After the Russian invasion when Mujahidin were engaged in resistance against Russia there were resistance movements in Hazarajat against feudal lords and Tribal leaders. Feudal system collapsed and the common people empowered in Hazarajat. The Shura or community councils became the decision makers in Hazarajat. The fates of people were in hands of people, so the Hazaras were the most optimistic and susceptible to change.
The Hazaras are neglected and the whole concentrations went to Pashtoon areas, where the newly built schools were burnt and the roads and bridges were destroyed by road side bombs but they were rebuilt. The tax money of Western people is used to serve the people who don’t want them but the people who were regularly asking for them were ignored. Hazarajat have only get 2.5 kilometer road paved with no university, electricity and health care system. The shuras never empowered and the literacy and educations were not focused. The people are helping themselves in reconstructions and education but they were also no empowered.
This is main reason that the democratization process in Afghanistan is not getting root while in Iraq it got roots. While democratization process is not getting roots in Afghanistan so it has some consequences.
There are certain points which may are changing the minds of Hazaras and it is time to stop them from becoming so.
1- The funding, concentrations, developments and authority are going in areas where, from where Taliban had risen and there are strong physical and ideological support for Taliban. The Taliban is rooted in the culture of that people and for changing culture a long period of time is required.
2- The separatist movements of Baluchis and their tactics in targeting non-Baluch civilian to pressurize the government. The civilian are soft targets and so both Baluchis and Taliban are targeting civilian. This tactic made different civilian groups and their representatives in governments to support the separatists’ movements in order to minimize their losses.
Certainly the Hazaras are in midst of these processes. Neglecting the demand and desires of hazaras are making these feeling more extensive. The tactics of Taliban, Baluch separatists and ignoring of Hazaras and Hazarajat by international community are topics of discussions between Hazaras which are leading them to conclusion of separatists’ movements.
Certainly the separatists’ movements of Hazaras will affect the geopolitical situation of the area. It is the responsibility of the Western coalition to help Hazaras in their destinations and make the changing situation a non-violent transformation.
A suggested mechanism for philosophy
Philosophy is in crisis. Certainly the mathematics and physics have also passed through crisis and physics is again in crisis. It is a normal part of the growth and is known as a growth crisis but the real philosophers heat their heads to solve the problems. We are living in a scientific era and the science has made people habitual of a mechanism. Every discipline has their own mechanisms by which they judge, direct and demarcate their area of generating or absorbing knowledge and people ask their specialists in case of problems and expect them to solve. Even fashion and sport reporters have their own areas of specialty that people will expect of them. But on contrary the philosophers are speaking and working on untouchable notions of being, spirit and purpose of existence and systems that civilizations are based on haven’t any specialty and mandate to demarcate their areas of specialty. Why? There are two main reasons that philosophy hasn’t yet resolved them:
1- What is the subject of philosophy?
2- What is the mechanism of philosophy?
Here in this article I will propose my solution to these two problems. The answer for the first question is the subject of the philosophy is “IDEA”. Though we use the term idea very commonly but for a better understanding of the term idea as a subject matter of philosophy, we have to look on subject matter of other disciplines also. All objects that could be observed and experimented are the subject matter of science. So Science has a clear boundaries and still science has been divided into different branches based on subject matters to be more specialized. So we expect a zoologist to know about animals and a mineralogist to know about a mineral. Similarly, the subject matter of mathematics is defined. Anything that is measurable directly or indirectly is the subject matter of mathematics. These two examples are very specialized. If we come to social sciences we find the disciplines that are totally related to some form of ideas that human being have agreed upon. The lawyers are specialists of ideas that men have agreed upon. These are called laws, agreements and codes of conducts. Laws are only specific ideas but the philosophy works on ideas that guide and give directions to the agreements, laws, codes of conducts and sciences and math, etc. The main responsibility of the philosophy has to generate ideas for these fields to expand them and verify the ideas that these fields are working on to keep them healthy and intact. As the philosophy has a leading role for other subjects, so it is not a systematic study of the objects of study but it is a system generating machine that provide systems for others systematic studies. Knowing this role of philosophy we can classify the subject matter of philosophy, the “IDEA” in following classes:
1- Ideas generated out of observations
2- Ideas generated out of experiments and experiences
3- Ideas generated out of abstractions
4- Ideas generated out of imaginations and perceptions
The answer to the second question that “What is the mechanism of philosophy?” requires a little effort to understand. I have worked on it when I was a school student and still working on it. Here briefly I present my findings to the time. One can find them in my other articles specified for each of them. Following is the order by which I have deduced them.
1- All mechanisms of knowledge are cyclic. This is named as cycle of knowledge.
2- As all mechanisms of knowledge is cyclic then ideas come out of these mechanisms are partially true OR the reality partially could be expressed by ideas. This is named as instant reality.
3- For expression of ideas to be logical and understandable the ideas have to be presented in relation to other ideas (Because an idea is partial expression of reality)
4- For verifications of ideas and their relations, it is necessary that they must be verified with equilibrium or equations. This is the first order of verification.
5- For the second order of verification, the ideas must be calculated that the equations or equilibriums could be tested. This is named as calculated discipline.
We can express the above mentioned mechanism simplified as following:
“Ideas have four basic sources of generations, like observations, experiences and experiments, abstraction measurements and perceptions and imaginations and these ideas can be verified in four different basis like evidences, experiments or established experiences, abstract calculations and imaginative and perceptive calculations matching with three earlier mentioned calculations”………………..
Explanation:
In science we have two methods for verifications of hypotheses, a) experimentations, b) evidence. These two sources of the verifications are measurable and the sources of scientific data and generation of scientific knowledge. In mathematics the measurements of abstract ideas like numbers, lines, degrees etc are verified by counter measurements and proved. So we have three basic criteria for authentic verifications and those are calculated experiences, evidences and measurements of abstract ideas. If we consider the “idea” as a subject matter of philosophy, so there are two more sources of the ideas and those are perceptions and imaginations and these two are the real sources of the problems as well as the real sources of creating new ideas and fields (Actually these two are the engines of creativity that produce raw materials for other disciplines). If we verify the raw ideas come of the perceptions and imaginations with calculated evidences, experiences and abstractions then we can verify them and make them reliable sources. If we do so we can make the philosophy more specialized and available to masses and hence raise the judgments and thinking ability of masses or in other words we can make able the time to produce great leaders in every fields.
1- What is the subject of philosophy?
2- What is the mechanism of philosophy?
Here in this article I will propose my solution to these two problems. The answer for the first question is the subject of the philosophy is “IDEA”. Though we use the term idea very commonly but for a better understanding of the term idea as a subject matter of philosophy, we have to look on subject matter of other disciplines also. All objects that could be observed and experimented are the subject matter of science. So Science has a clear boundaries and still science has been divided into different branches based on subject matters to be more specialized. So we expect a zoologist to know about animals and a mineralogist to know about a mineral. Similarly, the subject matter of mathematics is defined. Anything that is measurable directly or indirectly is the subject matter of mathematics. These two examples are very specialized. If we come to social sciences we find the disciplines that are totally related to some form of ideas that human being have agreed upon. The lawyers are specialists of ideas that men have agreed upon. These are called laws, agreements and codes of conducts. Laws are only specific ideas but the philosophy works on ideas that guide and give directions to the agreements, laws, codes of conducts and sciences and math, etc. The main responsibility of the philosophy has to generate ideas for these fields to expand them and verify the ideas that these fields are working on to keep them healthy and intact. As the philosophy has a leading role for other subjects, so it is not a systematic study of the objects of study but it is a system generating machine that provide systems for others systematic studies. Knowing this role of philosophy we can classify the subject matter of philosophy, the “IDEA” in following classes:
1- Ideas generated out of observations
2- Ideas generated out of experiments and experiences
3- Ideas generated out of abstractions
4- Ideas generated out of imaginations and perceptions
The answer to the second question that “What is the mechanism of philosophy?” requires a little effort to understand. I have worked on it when I was a school student and still working on it. Here briefly I present my findings to the time. One can find them in my other articles specified for each of them. Following is the order by which I have deduced them.
1- All mechanisms of knowledge are cyclic. This is named as cycle of knowledge.
2- As all mechanisms of knowledge is cyclic then ideas come out of these mechanisms are partially true OR the reality partially could be expressed by ideas. This is named as instant reality.
3- For expression of ideas to be logical and understandable the ideas have to be presented in relation to other ideas (Because an idea is partial expression of reality)
4- For verifications of ideas and their relations, it is necessary that they must be verified with equilibrium or equations. This is the first order of verification.
5- For the second order of verification, the ideas must be calculated that the equations or equilibriums could be tested. This is named as calculated discipline.
We can express the above mentioned mechanism simplified as following:
“Ideas have four basic sources of generations, like observations, experiences and experiments, abstraction measurements and perceptions and imaginations and these ideas can be verified in four different basis like evidences, experiments or established experiences, abstract calculations and imaginative and perceptive calculations matching with three earlier mentioned calculations”………………..
Explanation:
In science we have two methods for verifications of hypotheses, a) experimentations, b) evidence. These two sources of the verifications are measurable and the sources of scientific data and generation of scientific knowledge. In mathematics the measurements of abstract ideas like numbers, lines, degrees etc are verified by counter measurements and proved. So we have three basic criteria for authentic verifications and those are calculated experiences, evidences and measurements of abstract ideas. If we consider the “idea” as a subject matter of philosophy, so there are two more sources of the ideas and those are perceptions and imaginations and these two are the real sources of the problems as well as the real sources of creating new ideas and fields (Actually these two are the engines of creativity that produce raw materials for other disciplines). If we verify the raw ideas come of the perceptions and imaginations with calculated evidences, experiences and abstractions then we can verify them and make them reliable sources. If we do so we can make the philosophy more specialized and available to masses and hence raise the judgments and thinking ability of masses or in other words we can make able the time to produce great leaders in every fields.
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