The human history has seen the era of religions and then ideologies. In the end of the first decade of the 21st century we are observing a world without ideologies or better to say the post ideology era. Religion come to connect men with creature of nature but the religions evolved more into cultural rituals and identities rather than connecting men to nature. Science come to the help men in understanding nature but Science was not alone. There were economic and political systems which were determining the positions and strategies for Science. Industrial revolution was enslaved by capitalism and communism for serve their own purposes and to prove their legitimacy to rule on human society. The same was happened to Science. The objective scientific investigations and researches served objective purposes of capitalism and communism. In post Ideology era, when both capitalism and communism have declined as a workable ideologies and the world is confused and helpless to come out of global depression, it is time to make free Science and industry out of ideologies which divide mankind and come on work on areas which are common to all.
Both religions and ideologies were claimed to serve the whole humanity and for welfare of human being but both served as agents of divisions between human beings. Certainly! The differences of opinion are a common fact and are the sources of the identity and uniqueness. Both religious groups and followers of ideologies have invested massive intellectual, blood, sweats and time to promote the differences.
In today’s globalized world when some organizations are working and making slogans for human rights, rights of women, rights of child, freedom of journalism and expression, democracy, helping people in needs, refugees, environmental issue, nuclear non proliferations, certain diseases like AIDS and POLIO, illiteracy, preservation of cultural and historical sites, preservation of endangered species, Preservation of some languages etc. All these issues are common grounds for all human to work for them.
ONE QUESTION IS REALLY IMPORTANT THAT SHOULD BE ASKED FROM ALL, “HOW COULD ONE CLAIM TO RESPECT HUMAN RIGHTS WHO STRESS MORE ON THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMAN BEINGS RATHER THAN COMMONALITIES……………………..????????????????
One’s love of humanity is justifies who works wholeheartedly equally for common ground as much as h works for his identities like his religion, language, community, ideology and culture.
Hence, I acknowledge the roles of the religions, cultures, languages and ideologies in evolving human being and stress that by RECOGNIZING EACH OTHERS IDENTITIES by respecting their languages, cultures, religions and ideologies we should unite on common grounds. Some of the common grounds that all should unite are:
1- Eradication of diseases
2- Eradication of poverty
3- Equal rights for education
4- A balanced environment
5- Human rights
I acknowledge that all these issues are on the agenda of United Nations and this organization as representative of the all nations are work for them globally but these issues are beyond the capacity of a representative organization. These issues need to become part of the ethics of all and should become part of personal agenda and attitude of all. Hence by acknowledging the role of the UN in promoting these common grounds we stress on their inclusion in the basic set of beliefs, ideologies and cultures.
The immediate concerns in the post ideology era are,
1- Communism was an ideology which was working to empower the workers and peasants.
After collapse of communism, the workers, peasants and poor are directionless, helpless, hopeless and disarmed. Though we know the miseries that communism earned for world but they were the source of hope for workers and peasants. Collapse of communism is the collapse of hopes of workers and peasants.
BUT THE MISERIES THAT COMMUNISMS EARNED TO HUMANKIND IS ALSO NOT ACCEPTABLE HENCE BY HAVING A HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF,
i- Communism as a source of hope and means of struggle for poor, workers and peasants
ii- Communism earned miseries for humankind
We need to search for an alternative way to give hope and means of struggle for poor, workers and peasants.
2- Free market economy was an ideology which was working to promote the creativity and creation of wealth.
Global depression and the interference of states in free markets in hope to save the national and global economies have washed out trusts in free market economy. Though free market economy served human by promoting creativity and created a large number of middle classes which are backbone of the progress of nations but still it has earned miseries to humankind by increasing inflation, unemployment, global warming, conflicts and wars.
Hence, having a historical knowledge and experience of free market economy,
i- Free market economy is a source of hope for human creativity and progress
ii- It also caused conflicts, wars, inflation, unemployment and damage to natural resources and environments.
We need to rethink the free market economy and find an alternative way for promotion of creativity and progress.
Working for systems which are sources of hope and struggle for poor, peasants and workers as well as promoting creativity, progress and liberties of men, along with respects to religions, cultures and languages. Certainly! Common areas are the guiding line for developments of such systems which stress on commonalities rather than divisions and save world from further conflicts and wars.
Saturday, January 14, 2012
What Hazaras need to do?
Three things Hazaras need on the ad hoc basis:
1- Purpose: The purpose of Hazaras is to make Hazarajat a free state for Hazaras.
a- Reasons for setting up Purpose:
i- It is impossible for an individual and a family to live without purpose. An individual have plans for his days, weeks, months and years and these plans are following goals that lead him towards his purpose. If an individual and a family can’t think living without plans and purpose how a nation could think without purpose.
ii- Without a Free State for Hazaras will have no control of their future. What kind of society we want? What kinds of religious and cultural practices we want? What kind of educational system we want and what we want to teach our children? What kinds of jobs and roles we want for ourselves? None of above mentioned aspects of life that determine our future is in our control. Others are deciding for us to what we are allowed to practice and what not. What should we read and what should we do. What we could do and what we can’t do is all decided by others. If all these are not acceptable for an individual then how it could be acceptable for a nation?
iii- Without a free state for Hazaras, Hazaras have no identity and role in the international community.
iv- Without Free State our future is not secure. As governments are alien to our society so they couldn’t be sincere to our nation. They will always try their best to maintain their hegemony and supremacy and keep us inferior to themselves so they will always to try hard to harm us economically, politically, educationally, culturally and to dissolve our identity that is our essence.
v- We are not saying all these reasons without any proof or reason. Our history is an accepted proof. 75% of population of Hazaras is massacred and their land have confiscated. Hazarajat are the most impoverished with least developments and Hazaras are discriminated and targeted.
vi- As the racial and religious enmity and divisions are historical and still continues so there is no hope reconciliations.
vii- Hazaras are still threatened and attacked by religious and racist extremists so if we do not go towards a free state for Hazaras then we will face more massacres and land confiscations through state power and through non state actors supported by state. If we want to save our children of further massacres, the only way is a free state of Hazarajat.
2- Legitimization of the purpose: Preparing and convincing the Hazaras as well as international community about the legitimacy of instance of Hazaras to have a free state.
i- The partition of subcontinent India is a historical lesson for Hazaras. The movement for a separate state for Muslims of India made their instance legitimate both for fellow Indians as well as for British Empire. Hazaras need to work in practical terms to convince through non violence movements to convince fellow Afghans as well as international community that existence and survival of Hazaras are in continuous threat and only possible way for their survival and existence is a free state for Hazaras.
ii- Freedom of East Timor and Albania are other great lessons for Hazaras to follow.
3- To build a basic structure of State of Hazarajat: Building political and economical structures that not only make Hazaras and Hazaras able to survive as a free state but become an important country contributing to economy and developments of world.
i- Certainly it is the most important part that requires an extensive intellectual works for developing them as well as political and educational works to educate people and political workers to work for them. Building social, political, economical and educational structures are the tests of survival for Hazaras. The success building material, intellectual and social structures for these issues are the foundations for success in promoting and projecting the foundation purpose of Hazaras as well as for their struggles in the legitimizations of their struggles.
...................................................................................
Here is my response to the comment of a brother,
Hazaras are a historical nation and their homeland Hazarajat is geographically bordering central Asia to Middle East and South Asia so due to its strategic geographical position it was always in the interest of global and regional powers to keep Hazaras of Hazarajat backward, illiterate, and poor and always under threat of expansionism of neighboring tribes. So they could easily the exploit this strategically important place without any resistance.
British Empire used Afghans and helped them to expand, encircle Hazaras and limit them in central mountains of Pamir range. From 1885 to 1905, 75% of Hazaras were massacred and their lands were confiscated and they were forcefully included in Afghanistan since then it continued till now. Afghans started introducing Hazaras to world as Afghans so they could legitimize the occupation of Hazarajat as part of Afghanistan. They were also trying to convince Hazaras to change their identity to Afghans to make Hazaras accept as secondary citizens of Afghanistan.
Hazaras are neither Afghan nor they could be intimidated to change their identity from being Hazaras to becoming Afghans.
When Kabul was under supervision of USSR, they also thought it is better to keep hazaras encircled and under threat.
After 2001 when the USA along with NATO liberated Afghanistan from Taliban, the Hazaras had great hope, trust and enthusiasm in these liberation forces but the past eight years were years of hopelessness and helplessness. The USA and NATO continued the same policies to keep Hazarajat illiterate, poor, inaccessible and under threats of neighboring tribes.
Hence now Hazaras have only one way and that is to trust on themselves and start a freedom movement. Certainly no one can stop Hazaras from their freedom and having Free State of their own because it is their basic human rights.
Anyone who is denying the rights of Hazaras to have their own homeland free is denying the human rights of Hazaras. Hazaras are already broken the siege and they have spread all over globe. It is the responsibility of every Hazara to work hard for making themselves able to contribute in freedom of Hazarajat.
At the same time we call on international community and all those individuals and groups who respect freedom, human rights and democracy to voice and stand for the most basic right of Hazaras and that is freedom of their homeland. Freedom of Hazarajat is not a political issue but it is the matter of survival of Hazaras. Hazaras existence is under threat in Afghanistan and will remain under threat in Afghanistan. If the international community especially USA and EU who are leading the war on terror and supervising the Afghan government in Kabul continue to ignore Hazarajat and don’t work to ensure existence and survival of Hazaras and Hazarajat then they will be responsible for all massacres that will follow after their leaving Afghanistan. Soon or later they will leave Afghanistan so not freeing Hazarajat as a free state for Hazaras means to put Hazaras back under axe of afghan expansionism and global terrorism.
1- Purpose: The purpose of Hazaras is to make Hazarajat a free state for Hazaras.
a- Reasons for setting up Purpose:
i- It is impossible for an individual and a family to live without purpose. An individual have plans for his days, weeks, months and years and these plans are following goals that lead him towards his purpose. If an individual and a family can’t think living without plans and purpose how a nation could think without purpose.
ii- Without a Free State for Hazaras will have no control of their future. What kind of society we want? What kinds of religious and cultural practices we want? What kind of educational system we want and what we want to teach our children? What kinds of jobs and roles we want for ourselves? None of above mentioned aspects of life that determine our future is in our control. Others are deciding for us to what we are allowed to practice and what not. What should we read and what should we do. What we could do and what we can’t do is all decided by others. If all these are not acceptable for an individual then how it could be acceptable for a nation?
iii- Without a free state for Hazaras, Hazaras have no identity and role in the international community.
iv- Without Free State our future is not secure. As governments are alien to our society so they couldn’t be sincere to our nation. They will always try their best to maintain their hegemony and supremacy and keep us inferior to themselves so they will always to try hard to harm us economically, politically, educationally, culturally and to dissolve our identity that is our essence.
v- We are not saying all these reasons without any proof or reason. Our history is an accepted proof. 75% of population of Hazaras is massacred and their land have confiscated. Hazarajat are the most impoverished with least developments and Hazaras are discriminated and targeted.
vi- As the racial and religious enmity and divisions are historical and still continues so there is no hope reconciliations.
vii- Hazaras are still threatened and attacked by religious and racist extremists so if we do not go towards a free state for Hazaras then we will face more massacres and land confiscations through state power and through non state actors supported by state. If we want to save our children of further massacres, the only way is a free state of Hazarajat.
2- Legitimization of the purpose: Preparing and convincing the Hazaras as well as international community about the legitimacy of instance of Hazaras to have a free state.
i- The partition of subcontinent India is a historical lesson for Hazaras. The movement for a separate state for Muslims of India made their instance legitimate both for fellow Indians as well as for British Empire. Hazaras need to work in practical terms to convince through non violence movements to convince fellow Afghans as well as international community that existence and survival of Hazaras are in continuous threat and only possible way for their survival and existence is a free state for Hazaras.
ii- Freedom of East Timor and Albania are other great lessons for Hazaras to follow.
3- To build a basic structure of State of Hazarajat: Building political and economical structures that not only make Hazaras and Hazaras able to survive as a free state but become an important country contributing to economy and developments of world.
i- Certainly it is the most important part that requires an extensive intellectual works for developing them as well as political and educational works to educate people and political workers to work for them. Building social, political, economical and educational structures are the tests of survival for Hazaras. The success building material, intellectual and social structures for these issues are the foundations for success in promoting and projecting the foundation purpose of Hazaras as well as for their struggles in the legitimizations of their struggles.
...................................................................................
Here is my response to the comment of a brother,
Hazaras are a historical nation and their homeland Hazarajat is geographically bordering central Asia to Middle East and South Asia so due to its strategic geographical position it was always in the interest of global and regional powers to keep Hazaras of Hazarajat backward, illiterate, and poor and always under threat of expansionism of neighboring tribes. So they could easily the exploit this strategically important place without any resistance.
British Empire used Afghans and helped them to expand, encircle Hazaras and limit them in central mountains of Pamir range. From 1885 to 1905, 75% of Hazaras were massacred and their lands were confiscated and they were forcefully included in Afghanistan since then it continued till now. Afghans started introducing Hazaras to world as Afghans so they could legitimize the occupation of Hazarajat as part of Afghanistan. They were also trying to convince Hazaras to change their identity to Afghans to make Hazaras accept as secondary citizens of Afghanistan.
Hazaras are neither Afghan nor they could be intimidated to change their identity from being Hazaras to becoming Afghans.
When Kabul was under supervision of USSR, they also thought it is better to keep hazaras encircled and under threat.
After 2001 when the USA along with NATO liberated Afghanistan from Taliban, the Hazaras had great hope, trust and enthusiasm in these liberation forces but the past eight years were years of hopelessness and helplessness. The USA and NATO continued the same policies to keep Hazarajat illiterate, poor, inaccessible and under threats of neighboring tribes.
Hence now Hazaras have only one way and that is to trust on themselves and start a freedom movement. Certainly no one can stop Hazaras from their freedom and having Free State of their own because it is their basic human rights.
Anyone who is denying the rights of Hazaras to have their own homeland free is denying the human rights of Hazaras. Hazaras are already broken the siege and they have spread all over globe. It is the responsibility of every Hazara to work hard for making themselves able to contribute in freedom of Hazarajat.
At the same time we call on international community and all those individuals and groups who respect freedom, human rights and democracy to voice and stand for the most basic right of Hazaras and that is freedom of their homeland. Freedom of Hazarajat is not a political issue but it is the matter of survival of Hazaras. Hazaras existence is under threat in Afghanistan and will remain under threat in Afghanistan. If the international community especially USA and EU who are leading the war on terror and supervising the Afghan government in Kabul continue to ignore Hazarajat and don’t work to ensure existence and survival of Hazaras and Hazarajat then they will be responsible for all massacres that will follow after their leaving Afghanistan. Soon or later they will leave Afghanistan so not freeing Hazarajat as a free state for Hazaras means to put Hazaras back under axe of afghan expansionism and global terrorism.
Can Capitalism survive without interventions?
After first signs of economic melt down in 2009, I wrote this knol... Is it still valid, I leave the judgment to you...
INTRODUCTION
The economic downturn continues. Bailout planes are announced but still there is no cure. The hardliner capitalists who always speak of capability of market to heal and organize itself without intervention of government are silent on the subject. The bailout plans are crossing the national borders and the international powers are putting hands together to put more money into the IMF to use the global economic depression for deeper interventions in the poor countries of the world. Does really capitalism run on interventions? Before we go to answer the question, I put another question and that is, “Does capitalism needs interventions because it needs external sources of wealth and support to grow?
Intervention of slavery
To answer this question we have to use the logic of history. Feudalism was near to collapse due renaissance and massive trades through sea and oceans similarly expansions into new lands and other nations became possible due to bullets and steam engines. The new lands were the asking for wide cultivations and promising great profits. The new lands and the unequal trades with other nations were the sources of the first capitals and introductions of the capitalist system to replace the feudalism.
Hence the capitalism started with interventions of wealth coming from new lands and looting of the colonies. As there was not industrial revolution yet so the new lands required labor to be cultivated. There was not enough capital to hire labor for cultivations so the first capitalist started to abducting the black African and making them slaves for forced works on the fields. The massive abductions of the Black African were another intervention into newly established capitalist system.
Intervention of Industrialization:
The capital earned from new lands and slavery produced enough surpluses to be invested for producing goods. The investment of the surpluses led to industrial revolution. New factories also required labors so the poor people are hired by industrialists for massive productions. As the only purpose of these industries were profit and the work environment were new for workers, managers and owners so they led to revolt. It was this era and the experiences of this era that helped Carl Marx to develop his revolutionary ideas. The ideas of the Marx were first revolt against the capitalism.
We can understand that why the Marxism developed in the second phase of the interventionism. Because in first phases of the interventionism the slaves were unable to interact with their masters cultures and understand the political and economical cultures of their masters. On the other hand the white industrial laborers were the members of the same society and were familiar with the economical and political cultures of their society so the revolt began the socialism and capitalism were put forwarded as alternative systems to capitalism.
Intervention of assembly line production
The revolt of the labors and competitions among the industries were making the capitalism towards failure as depressions were common after a decade or two. The inventions of the assembly line production method which lower the costs of the productions and made it to produce massively and so to present cheap labors. New industries and mass productions along the falling prices of the commodities were led to an economic growth and sudden increase of the middle class. The increasing number of the middle class was the reason for stability of the society. The assembly line was a technological intervention into capitalism.
The great depression of the 1930’s were temporarily healed by war economy but the real solution to capitalism come by another technological interventions and that was automations of the assembly line productions. The assembly line automations and followed automations were the real technological interventions and it was strengthen by computerization.
The technological interventions proved that technological interventions are an essential part of the capitalism to survive. As the automations and computerizations of the industries were asking for more skilled labors and so the wages went high. New industries became costly as they required heavy investments. To keep paces of the capitalism intact and to save the capitalism from collapsing another intervention introduced into systems and it was called privatization.
Intervention of Privatization
Privatization was a step that capitalist governments introduced to inject the public properties, infrastructures, industries and businesses to capital market. Privatization was a real injection of public money into private businesses. It was good for rich countries like UK but it was a disastrous experience in poor countries like Pakistan where the feudalism has strong hold in politics and economics of the country. In rich countries like UK, the public money remained in country and attracted more businesses or simply leads to an economic boom but in poor countries like Pakistan the public money and businesses flew out of country.
Though privatization speeds up the rates of growth of the capital markets but as it is a trend of the capital market that it could only could be saved out of the economics collapse by regular interventions or injections after particular intervals so the markets required new interventions. This time the businesses required the cheap and skillful labors. China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and like Asian countries had cheap and skillful labors so businesses shifted their business units in these areas. It resulted in shift of the technologies and labor markets and created an economical boom in India, China, and Malaysia and like countries.
Intervention of bailouts
The surpluses that have been accumulated during each intervention in market encourage new businesses like lending on profits by banks in areas like housing, transport, businesses, education, etc. Certainly these are the areas that people needs most and on urgent basis. The high level of demands in these areas caused the rapid growth of the lending businesses. As banks use the trust of the people rather than their actual reserves so the lending exceeds beyond the capacity of these banks. Soon the banks were not able to fulfill their responsibilities so the banks started to collapse.
This was the situation was different. It was not only markets but the houses, jobs, businesses, educations and health of the people that were at risk. The popular appraisal was not far if the governments were not quick to act. Here more problems were also making it serious. There were no competitive systems competing with capitalism to blame them for global economic crisis. There was only one system ruling the world unchallenging so all the economic down turns and collapses were due to defects in capitalist systems. Beside the rebellions forces like Russia, Iran, Venezuela and Cuba were using energy sectors to challenge the Imperialist West, so it was natural to look into sudden global recession as planned counter attacks on such forces. The countries that most suffered were the gulf Arabian countries whose economics were totally dependent on energy exports and direct foreign investments. The cities like Dubai which had become a global financial hub of the area were questioned about its models as genuine.
The government soon stepped in, intervened directly into capital markets by crushing their principles as non interventionism or free markets. The first phases of the bailouts failed so the next phases of heavy public money bailout planes are working in markets and we have to wait to see the outcomes.
The present interventions by the governments into markets had made one point very clear and that is free market is only workable if the government is always have reserve to come to its safety after each intervals there are no ending intervals.
INTRODUCTION
The economic downturn continues. Bailout planes are announced but still there is no cure. The hardliner capitalists who always speak of capability of market to heal and organize itself without intervention of government are silent on the subject. The bailout plans are crossing the national borders and the international powers are putting hands together to put more money into the IMF to use the global economic depression for deeper interventions in the poor countries of the world. Does really capitalism run on interventions? Before we go to answer the question, I put another question and that is, “Does capitalism needs interventions because it needs external sources of wealth and support to grow?
Intervention of slavery
To answer this question we have to use the logic of history. Feudalism was near to collapse due renaissance and massive trades through sea and oceans similarly expansions into new lands and other nations became possible due to bullets and steam engines. The new lands were the asking for wide cultivations and promising great profits. The new lands and the unequal trades with other nations were the sources of the first capitals and introductions of the capitalist system to replace the feudalism.
Hence the capitalism started with interventions of wealth coming from new lands and looting of the colonies. As there was not industrial revolution yet so the new lands required labor to be cultivated. There was not enough capital to hire labor for cultivations so the first capitalist started to abducting the black African and making them slaves for forced works on the fields. The massive abductions of the Black African were another intervention into newly established capitalist system.
Intervention of Industrialization:
The capital earned from new lands and slavery produced enough surpluses to be invested for producing goods. The investment of the surpluses led to industrial revolution. New factories also required labors so the poor people are hired by industrialists for massive productions. As the only purpose of these industries were profit and the work environment were new for workers, managers and owners so they led to revolt. It was this era and the experiences of this era that helped Carl Marx to develop his revolutionary ideas. The ideas of the Marx were first revolt against the capitalism.
We can understand that why the Marxism developed in the second phase of the interventionism. Because in first phases of the interventionism the slaves were unable to interact with their masters cultures and understand the political and economical cultures of their masters. On the other hand the white industrial laborers were the members of the same society and were familiar with the economical and political cultures of their society so the revolt began the socialism and capitalism were put forwarded as alternative systems to capitalism.
Intervention of assembly line production
The revolt of the labors and competitions among the industries were making the capitalism towards failure as depressions were common after a decade or two. The inventions of the assembly line production method which lower the costs of the productions and made it to produce massively and so to present cheap labors. New industries and mass productions along the falling prices of the commodities were led to an economic growth and sudden increase of the middle class. The increasing number of the middle class was the reason for stability of the society. The assembly line was a technological intervention into capitalism.
The great depression of the 1930’s were temporarily healed by war economy but the real solution to capitalism come by another technological interventions and that was automations of the assembly line productions. The assembly line automations and followed automations were the real technological interventions and it was strengthen by computerization.
The technological interventions proved that technological interventions are an essential part of the capitalism to survive. As the automations and computerizations of the industries were asking for more skilled labors and so the wages went high. New industries became costly as they required heavy investments. To keep paces of the capitalism intact and to save the capitalism from collapsing another intervention introduced into systems and it was called privatization.
Intervention of Privatization
Privatization was a step that capitalist governments introduced to inject the public properties, infrastructures, industries and businesses to capital market. Privatization was a real injection of public money into private businesses. It was good for rich countries like UK but it was a disastrous experience in poor countries like Pakistan where the feudalism has strong hold in politics and economics of the country. In rich countries like UK, the public money remained in country and attracted more businesses or simply leads to an economic boom but in poor countries like Pakistan the public money and businesses flew out of country.
Though privatization speeds up the rates of growth of the capital markets but as it is a trend of the capital market that it could only could be saved out of the economics collapse by regular interventions or injections after particular intervals so the markets required new interventions. This time the businesses required the cheap and skillful labors. China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and like Asian countries had cheap and skillful labors so businesses shifted their business units in these areas. It resulted in shift of the technologies and labor markets and created an economical boom in India, China, and Malaysia and like countries.
Intervention of bailouts
The surpluses that have been accumulated during each intervention in market encourage new businesses like lending on profits by banks in areas like housing, transport, businesses, education, etc. Certainly these are the areas that people needs most and on urgent basis. The high level of demands in these areas caused the rapid growth of the lending businesses. As banks use the trust of the people rather than their actual reserves so the lending exceeds beyond the capacity of these banks. Soon the banks were not able to fulfill their responsibilities so the banks started to collapse.
This was the situation was different. It was not only markets but the houses, jobs, businesses, educations and health of the people that were at risk. The popular appraisal was not far if the governments were not quick to act. Here more problems were also making it serious. There were no competitive systems competing with capitalism to blame them for global economic crisis. There was only one system ruling the world unchallenging so all the economic down turns and collapses were due to defects in capitalist systems. Beside the rebellions forces like Russia, Iran, Venezuela and Cuba were using energy sectors to challenge the Imperialist West, so it was natural to look into sudden global recession as planned counter attacks on such forces. The countries that most suffered were the gulf Arabian countries whose economics were totally dependent on energy exports and direct foreign investments. The cities like Dubai which had become a global financial hub of the area were questioned about its models as genuine.
The government soon stepped in, intervened directly into capital markets by crushing their principles as non interventionism or free markets. The first phases of the bailouts failed so the next phases of heavy public money bailout planes are working in markets and we have to wait to see the outcomes.
The present interventions by the governments into markets had made one point very clear and that is free market is only workable if the government is always have reserve to come to its safety after each intervals there are no ending intervals.
Catastrophes favor evolution by creating new environments and ecosystems
There may be disagreements on the causes of mass extinctions but one thing is certain that mass extinctions had catastrophic effects on the living organisms of those particular times. Until now 90 to 97% of all species that ever existed went extinct. No doubt there are strong evidences of bolides impacts in different times that some of them coincide with mass extinctions, the most famous one is Chicxulubm impact crater that is coincided with K-T boundary or Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Similarly the Hydrogen Sulfide that is deposited by action of anaerobic bacteria may cause mass extinctions. Beside movements of plates causing volcanic activities or accretion of large pieces of lands to make supercontinents cause hot house and cold house periods. All of these processes in some way were proved to be catastrophic for organisms living on those times. But the question is, is these mass extinctions stopped or reversed evolution or favored evolution. The Paleontological record clearly shows that catastrophes favor evolution. We observe a rapid growth of newly evolved organisms after each mass-extinction. The rise of reptiles after Permo-Triassic and the rise of mammals and flowering plants after Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction is two famous examples that majority of the people are familiar. What is driving the rapid rate of evolution after mass extinction? Certainly, the empty space and energy sources that are left by earlier organisms are the incentives for the developments of new set of adaptations to get benefits from. Again energy is driving evolution.
1- Mammals were existing throughout Mesozoic era but this era were the era of dominance of massive reptiles and Dinosaurs. Mammals were smaller in sizes. During the K-T mass extinctions all animals weighing more than 50 Kilograms went extinct. As mammals were small in size throught of the Mesozoic era, so this mass extinction that killed massive reptiles provoide space and energy available to smaller mammlas and mammals rapidly evolved and diversified soon after K-T mass extinction and throughout Cenozoic period.
2- Reptiles just gulp their prey which is not an efficient use of nutrition. On other hand mammals articulation of jaws and diversification of teeth for crushing, tearing and cutting the food and get more calories from the food. These effecient extraction of energy as well as diverfication of diets made mammals able to survive extinction as well as to diversify in post extinction era.
3- Synapsids (Mammal like reptiles) and trilobites went extinct during Permo-Triassic mass extinction so as a large part of forests that become abundant in Carboniferous but fungi flourished during this mass extinction event as decaying forests were provoiding anormous amount of energy. It is known as Fungi Spikes.
4- We see a similar spikes in the K-T mass extinction also, soon after mass extinction, first Ferns dominate, then gymnosperms and lastly angiosperms.
5- Therapsids (Class Synapsida, Order Therapsida) become dominant two times. It became dominant in Permian period but the by Permo-Triassic extinction it declined and it ramained an insignificant group until the Dinosaurs were rulling on land. By extinction of Dinosaurs in K-T mass extinction, it became once again dominant. These two successes were possible because of diversification of teeths and exploitations of energy of diverse foods more efficiently.
Darwin's Finches as an example of catastrophe
Word catastrophe is controversial between evolutionists and creationists so we first define the catastrophe for our usage, "Catastrophe is a sudden change in the environment". Darwin observed that finches in Galapagos have varying sizes of beaks that were specialized for eating different sizes of seeds. Darwin's observations is actually confirming that energy drives evolution. Finches main source energy were seeds ( Some finches are also specialized to eat insects and suck blood. Finches with thick and short beaks specailized in cracking seeds. Finches with relatively thinner and longer beak specailized to hunt on insects and still finches with more thinner and longer beaks specailized to suck blood of other larger birds.) so they specialized their beaks accordingly to not be in competition with each others but despite use all possible energy sources (here seed sizes).
El Nino Event of the 1982- 1983 le to a ten years of the change in habitate and plant composition of the Daphne major isalnd (One of the famous Galapagos islands). These changes in Galapagos islands also changed the availability of different seed sizes. B. Rosemary Grant and Peter R. Grant studies showed that after sever El Nino event of 1982-1983 hybrid fiches survived better than their parental species. The hybrid finches had the intermediate beak sizes relative to their parental beak sizes.
Catastrophe could be very local like acidification of a pond or eutrophication of a lake to global scale like global warming.
Evidence of rapid climate change (Catastrophe)
A press release ( 35/08) of National Environment Research Council (NERC) entitled as, "Rapid Climate Change: past; present; future" (http://www.nerc.ac.uk/press/releases/2008/35-rapid.asp)
starts, "Most climate models predict gradual future changes to climate, related to the steadily increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. But ice and sediment core records reveal that, in the past, climate has changed abruptly - possibly in as little as 10 to 20 years. Such rapid change in the future could make prevention and adaptation strategies difficult and expensive to implement."
Citing the research in arctic it explains, "Research results from the programme revealed that, around 8,000 years ago, Newfoundland, the UK and northern Europe experienced extreme cold and dry conditions. Greenland temperatures were almost 6°C colder than present day. The shift to colder temperatures took only a few decades and lasted for about 160 years. It is thought that a rush of melt-water into the North Atlantic caused the slowdown of the Atlantic conveyor, leading to the colder conditions."
Global warming
Global warming is a hot issue. Certainly there are environmental activists and industrialists who conflict each other on a lot of issues. It is beyond any conflict that anthropogenic pollutions and misuse of natural resources, lands, oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, glaciers etc have not only endagered a lot of species but also threatening and costing human health. It is also beyond the doubt that there must be researches, legislations, monitoring and restoration of natural environments.
BUT
The big question arise from the geological history. In geological past when there were no human so everything were natural again we observe cyclic periods of cold and warm ages. Besides we observe evidences of mass extinctions. Though we have not to worry much about them as they occur in geological time scale (millions of years) but still what about a meteorite impact that is more swift and quick? What is our preparation or atleast some solutions for them?
An important point:
In our times we observe that tropical regions are abundant in both number of species and diversity of life forms and as we go towards poles the number of species and their diversity decreases. As global waming and anthropogenic pollutions and habitate disturbance is forcing a lot of organisms towards the extinction the most rapid rate of extinction is seen in tropics where life is most abundant. So naturally a question arise, that in geological past time when catastrophic forces were pushing the organisms towards extinction, were they affecting the tropical area with high intesity than polar regions with least diversity of life forms?
Based on the uniformiterian principles, certainly it was the case. Tropical regions had higher rates of mass extinctions as well as higher rate of mass recovery or spikes in post mass extinction events than polar regions. Temperature, nutrient availability and heavy precipitations are few factos that make tropical regions an engine of extinctions and recovery of life forms.
In other words tropical regions have higher energy levels so it has higher rate of evolution and polar regions has low energy levels and hence low rate of evolution.
External Links:
1- http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/mass-extinction.html
2- http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/2265625
References:
1. B. Rosemary Grant, Peter R. Grant, High Survival of Darwin's Finch Hybrids: Effects of Beak Morphology and Diets, Ecology (Journal) 1996 77:2, 500-509 (Pages)
This was part of my effort to rethink evolution. Feel free to criticize, suggest points and comment...
1- Mammals were existing throughout Mesozoic era but this era were the era of dominance of massive reptiles and Dinosaurs. Mammals were smaller in sizes. During the K-T mass extinctions all animals weighing more than 50 Kilograms went extinct. As mammals were small in size throught of the Mesozoic era, so this mass extinction that killed massive reptiles provoide space and energy available to smaller mammlas and mammals rapidly evolved and diversified soon after K-T mass extinction and throughout Cenozoic period.
2- Reptiles just gulp their prey which is not an efficient use of nutrition. On other hand mammals articulation of jaws and diversification of teeth for crushing, tearing and cutting the food and get more calories from the food. These effecient extraction of energy as well as diverfication of diets made mammals able to survive extinction as well as to diversify in post extinction era.
3- Synapsids (Mammal like reptiles) and trilobites went extinct during Permo-Triassic mass extinction so as a large part of forests that become abundant in Carboniferous but fungi flourished during this mass extinction event as decaying forests were provoiding anormous amount of energy. It is known as Fungi Spikes.
4- We see a similar spikes in the K-T mass extinction also, soon after mass extinction, first Ferns dominate, then gymnosperms and lastly angiosperms.
5- Therapsids (Class Synapsida, Order Therapsida) become dominant two times. It became dominant in Permian period but the by Permo-Triassic extinction it declined and it ramained an insignificant group until the Dinosaurs were rulling on land. By extinction of Dinosaurs in K-T mass extinction, it became once again dominant. These two successes were possible because of diversification of teeths and exploitations of energy of diverse foods more efficiently.
Darwin's Finches as an example of catastrophe
Word catastrophe is controversial between evolutionists and creationists so we first define the catastrophe for our usage, "Catastrophe is a sudden change in the environment". Darwin observed that finches in Galapagos have varying sizes of beaks that were specialized for eating different sizes of seeds. Darwin's observations is actually confirming that energy drives evolution. Finches main source energy were seeds ( Some finches are also specialized to eat insects and suck blood. Finches with thick and short beaks specailized in cracking seeds. Finches with relatively thinner and longer beak specailized to hunt on insects and still finches with more thinner and longer beaks specailized to suck blood of other larger birds.) so they specialized their beaks accordingly to not be in competition with each others but despite use all possible energy sources (here seed sizes).
El Nino Event of the 1982- 1983 le to a ten years of the change in habitate and plant composition of the Daphne major isalnd (One of the famous Galapagos islands). These changes in Galapagos islands also changed the availability of different seed sizes. B. Rosemary Grant and Peter R. Grant studies showed that after sever El Nino event of 1982-1983 hybrid fiches survived better than their parental species. The hybrid finches had the intermediate beak sizes relative to their parental beak sizes.
Catastrophe could be very local like acidification of a pond or eutrophication of a lake to global scale like global warming.
Evidence of rapid climate change (Catastrophe)
A press release ( 35/08) of National Environment Research Council (NERC) entitled as, "Rapid Climate Change: past; present; future" (http://www.nerc.ac.uk/press/releases/2008/35-rapid.asp)
starts, "Most climate models predict gradual future changes to climate, related to the steadily increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. But ice and sediment core records reveal that, in the past, climate has changed abruptly - possibly in as little as 10 to 20 years. Such rapid change in the future could make prevention and adaptation strategies difficult and expensive to implement."
Citing the research in arctic it explains, "Research results from the programme revealed that, around 8,000 years ago, Newfoundland, the UK and northern Europe experienced extreme cold and dry conditions. Greenland temperatures were almost 6°C colder than present day. The shift to colder temperatures took only a few decades and lasted for about 160 years. It is thought that a rush of melt-water into the North Atlantic caused the slowdown of the Atlantic conveyor, leading to the colder conditions."
Global warming
Global warming is a hot issue. Certainly there are environmental activists and industrialists who conflict each other on a lot of issues. It is beyond any conflict that anthropogenic pollutions and misuse of natural resources, lands, oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, glaciers etc have not only endagered a lot of species but also threatening and costing human health. It is also beyond the doubt that there must be researches, legislations, monitoring and restoration of natural environments.
BUT
The big question arise from the geological history. In geological past when there were no human so everything were natural again we observe cyclic periods of cold and warm ages. Besides we observe evidences of mass extinctions. Though we have not to worry much about them as they occur in geological time scale (millions of years) but still what about a meteorite impact that is more swift and quick? What is our preparation or atleast some solutions for them?
An important point:
In our times we observe that tropical regions are abundant in both number of species and diversity of life forms and as we go towards poles the number of species and their diversity decreases. As global waming and anthropogenic pollutions and habitate disturbance is forcing a lot of organisms towards the extinction the most rapid rate of extinction is seen in tropics where life is most abundant. So naturally a question arise, that in geological past time when catastrophic forces were pushing the organisms towards extinction, were they affecting the tropical area with high intesity than polar regions with least diversity of life forms?
Based on the uniformiterian principles, certainly it was the case. Tropical regions had higher rates of mass extinctions as well as higher rate of mass recovery or spikes in post mass extinction events than polar regions. Temperature, nutrient availability and heavy precipitations are few factos that make tropical regions an engine of extinctions and recovery of life forms.
In other words tropical regions have higher energy levels so it has higher rate of evolution and polar regions has low energy levels and hence low rate of evolution.
External Links:
1- http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/mass-extinction.html
2- http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/2265625
References:
1. B. Rosemary Grant, Peter R. Grant, High Survival of Darwin's Finch Hybrids: Effects of Beak Morphology and Diets, Ecology (Journal) 1996 77:2, 500-509 (Pages)
This was part of my effort to rethink evolution. Feel free to criticize, suggest points and comment...
Energy drives evolution
Evolution didn't start 3.8 billion years ago but it may have started 13.7 billion years ago with big bang. We usually refer evolution to biological evolution but 13.7 billion years ago there were no biological evolution. There were only energy. So the story of evolution starts with energy. There weren't any chemical reaction as elements weren't evolved yet. In few minutes the nucleosystheis started with led to evolution of elements. It is late after evolution of stars and the formation of circumstellar environments which led to the start of chemical reaction. The disc around the stars from which planets and other heavenly objects formed and were the appropriate place for chemical reaction. Again energy and energy level is key in evolution. In earlier hot environment of big bang and nucleosynthesis processes in stars the chemical reaction weren't possible (Chemical reaction is the transfer of electron(s) and different pattern of sharing of electrons to bind the atoms/elements to make molecules or compounds and it all depends on the energy levels). The biological evolution on earth is very late to leave some evidence of its existence perhaps in 3.8 billion years age when earth was 0.7 billion years old. For 700,000,000 years the earth was without life.
How energy have driven the evolution?
Diversity and diversity within habitats and modes of life is clear evidence of evolution. Does this diversity indicate competition and natural selection or is it the result of a search for exploitation of available sources of energy? Following are some examples:
Ecosystem
Ecosystem is a delicate balance between physical, chemical and biological components of it. Top down control and bottom up control is very famous in trophic levels of a terresterial ecosystem like, lake, which have simple food chains. A change in one of these components affect others. Similarly inorganic and oganic cycles of chemicals and nutrients are dependent on each other. Even the relation of organisms among themselves are delicately balanced. Prey and predation is interdependant on each other. Change in predators affect on prey populations and sizes and similarly changes in prey population and sizes affect on predators. The effect of changes in one component of a food web can be observed throughout the food web. This delicacy of balance is all controlled by supply of energy (sunlight, temperature, nutrient supply, supply of gases, water and some essential minerals). Following we go for more examples in ecosystem,
Chemoautotrophs
The earlier life forms were chemoautotrophs which were getting their energy from inorganic molecules (oxidation of electron donating molecules in anaerobic environments) to expoite the carbon dioxide for synthesis of organic molecules. Because iron were frequent and free oxygen were rare in earlier hot crust (on hydrothermal vents) so earlier life forms exploiting these energy source (to get electron from Iron II by oxidizing them into iron III).
Glycolysis:
It is assumed that earlier oceans or water bodies were filled with organic compounds but free oxygen were rare. In this nutrient rich anoxic environment the led the life forms of that time to exploit this energy source by evolving a mechanism known as glycolysis. Glycolysis is a process of gaining energy by break down of glucose in anaerobic environment to lactic acid. Glycolysis is still used in all living cells.
Archaea
Archaea is famous for living in extreme environments and also in mild environments. Those groups of Archaea which live in extreme environments got the name of extremophile. Let's acidophile living in acidic environments, alkalophile living in alkaline environments, Halophiles living in saline environments and thermophile living in high temperature environments. Living in these extreme environments make Scientists think of their extraterrestrial origins. Why archae is adapted these extreme environments, have a very simple answer to exploit the energy of these environments.
Looking for energy:
From flagella, psuedopodia in unicellular organisms to position of mouth on the upper side and anterior of the animals indicate that energy is the primary drive of organims. Organisms with head protected by some sort of shield (exoskeleton, tentacles and cranium) have concentrated their main senses which detect food source in the head region and near their chief senses is provoided an apparatus for taking up of food (mouth). The shape of head depend on the main receptors which may be photorecptor, chemoreceptor, thermorecptor or sensors to detect sound or movements.
Symbiosis
Why organims are cooperating if the life is the result of competations. Symbiosis of organims led to the concept of Co-evolution. Why flowers specialized themselves (evolved) to attract the birds, insects, bats and animals? Mutualism, commensalism and parasitisms are evolution of organisms to exploit available energy by help of each other and even at the expense of each other.
Fungi
Fungi is a unique group that evolved a life habit, shared both by plants and animals. It evolved from a unicellular stem eukaryotes. Its nutrition mode is like animals by enzymatic digestion (unlike internal digestion in animals it has evolved an external digestion) and absorption. A diverse range of habitate and mode of life show the opportunistic natures of fungi. Fungi are important decomposers, active predators, parasites and also symbionts. These diversities and a life habit of between land and plants is not a signature of competition but instead struggles to exploite available sources of energy.
Herbivores, Carnivores and Decomposers
Certainly earlier life forms evolved autotrophy by which they could use gases, water and energy from sunlight to produce their food. Why then some life form evolved not to produce their food but consume food produced by photosynthetic organisms. This consumption is not an easy process. It requires a lot of specailization to break down the stored food and get energy out of it. Still some other organisms evolved to eat herbivores evolving the ability of predation besides digestion. And to complete the cycle another group of organisms to break down the dead bodies of all organisms to not only get energy for themselves but also provoide primary producers or photosynthetic organisms the essential elements they requires for prodcuing food. Are these opportunistic and cooperative mode of life indicating competition or a search for possible sources of energy and an escape from competition?
Homology
Homology is used as an evidence of common descent. Yes it is true but what organisms living in different evironments and with different adaptations still the same pattern of structures in the body? If we take the famous example forearms in vertebrates, A forearm in marine organisms like whale, organisms living on land like human, those fly in air like birds, those living on trees like monkeys, those living in mountains like volves, those living in poles like white bear, those living in tropics like tree frogs who have adopted so contrasting environments and doing different functions but still retained the same structures of bones. Though the length proportions of bones have modified according to the energy required by body size and environments in which they live but still the same structures and use of leverage for swimming, flight, climbing, running, defence, and complex works in case of human must have also have functional reasons beside common descent.
Gravity pull us when we move against it. Certainly organisms get their energy from metabolisms and the organs which functions require movements to get energy from external environments and make available for us. These movements require a support system. Though metabolism provoides the energy required for this support but organisms tends to be energy effcient, so they use the leverage system which use gravity itself to move against it.
Homology is the evidence of efficient use of energy besides common descent.
This was part of my effort to rethink evolution... Of course, it is not done yet... So feel free to criticize, suggest points or comment...
How energy have driven the evolution?
Diversity and diversity within habitats and modes of life is clear evidence of evolution. Does this diversity indicate competition and natural selection or is it the result of a search for exploitation of available sources of energy? Following are some examples:
Ecosystem
Ecosystem is a delicate balance between physical, chemical and biological components of it. Top down control and bottom up control is very famous in trophic levels of a terresterial ecosystem like, lake, which have simple food chains. A change in one of these components affect others. Similarly inorganic and oganic cycles of chemicals and nutrients are dependent on each other. Even the relation of organisms among themselves are delicately balanced. Prey and predation is interdependant on each other. Change in predators affect on prey populations and sizes and similarly changes in prey population and sizes affect on predators. The effect of changes in one component of a food web can be observed throughout the food web. This delicacy of balance is all controlled by supply of energy (sunlight, temperature, nutrient supply, supply of gases, water and some essential minerals). Following we go for more examples in ecosystem,
Chemoautotrophs
The earlier life forms were chemoautotrophs which were getting their energy from inorganic molecules (oxidation of electron donating molecules in anaerobic environments) to expoite the carbon dioxide for synthesis of organic molecules. Because iron were frequent and free oxygen were rare in earlier hot crust (on hydrothermal vents) so earlier life forms exploiting these energy source (to get electron from Iron II by oxidizing them into iron III).
Glycolysis:
It is assumed that earlier oceans or water bodies were filled with organic compounds but free oxygen were rare. In this nutrient rich anoxic environment the led the life forms of that time to exploit this energy source by evolving a mechanism known as glycolysis. Glycolysis is a process of gaining energy by break down of glucose in anaerobic environment to lactic acid. Glycolysis is still used in all living cells.
Archaea
Archaea is famous for living in extreme environments and also in mild environments. Those groups of Archaea which live in extreme environments got the name of extremophile. Let's acidophile living in acidic environments, alkalophile living in alkaline environments, Halophiles living in saline environments and thermophile living in high temperature environments. Living in these extreme environments make Scientists think of their extraterrestrial origins. Why archae is adapted these extreme environments, have a very simple answer to exploit the energy of these environments.
Looking for energy:
From flagella, psuedopodia in unicellular organisms to position of mouth on the upper side and anterior of the animals indicate that energy is the primary drive of organims. Organisms with head protected by some sort of shield (exoskeleton, tentacles and cranium) have concentrated their main senses which detect food source in the head region and near their chief senses is provoided an apparatus for taking up of food (mouth). The shape of head depend on the main receptors which may be photorecptor, chemoreceptor, thermorecptor or sensors to detect sound or movements.
Symbiosis
Why organims are cooperating if the life is the result of competations. Symbiosis of organims led to the concept of Co-evolution. Why flowers specialized themselves (evolved) to attract the birds, insects, bats and animals? Mutualism, commensalism and parasitisms are evolution of organisms to exploit available energy by help of each other and even at the expense of each other.
Fungi
Fungi is a unique group that evolved a life habit, shared both by plants and animals. It evolved from a unicellular stem eukaryotes. Its nutrition mode is like animals by enzymatic digestion (unlike internal digestion in animals it has evolved an external digestion) and absorption. A diverse range of habitate and mode of life show the opportunistic natures of fungi. Fungi are important decomposers, active predators, parasites and also symbionts. These diversities and a life habit of between land and plants is not a signature of competition but instead struggles to exploite available sources of energy.
Herbivores, Carnivores and Decomposers
Certainly earlier life forms evolved autotrophy by which they could use gases, water and energy from sunlight to produce their food. Why then some life form evolved not to produce their food but consume food produced by photosynthetic organisms. This consumption is not an easy process. It requires a lot of specailization to break down the stored food and get energy out of it. Still some other organisms evolved to eat herbivores evolving the ability of predation besides digestion. And to complete the cycle another group of organisms to break down the dead bodies of all organisms to not only get energy for themselves but also provoide primary producers or photosynthetic organisms the essential elements they requires for prodcuing food. Are these opportunistic and cooperative mode of life indicating competition or a search for possible sources of energy and an escape from competition?
Homology
Homology is used as an evidence of common descent. Yes it is true but what organisms living in different evironments and with different adaptations still the same pattern of structures in the body? If we take the famous example forearms in vertebrates, A forearm in marine organisms like whale, organisms living on land like human, those fly in air like birds, those living on trees like monkeys, those living in mountains like volves, those living in poles like white bear, those living in tropics like tree frogs who have adopted so contrasting environments and doing different functions but still retained the same structures of bones. Though the length proportions of bones have modified according to the energy required by body size and environments in which they live but still the same structures and use of leverage for swimming, flight, climbing, running, defence, and complex works in case of human must have also have functional reasons beside common descent.
Gravity pull us when we move against it. Certainly organisms get their energy from metabolisms and the organs which functions require movements to get energy from external environments and make available for us. These movements require a support system. Though metabolism provoides the energy required for this support but organisms tends to be energy effcient, so they use the leverage system which use gravity itself to move against it.
Homology is the evidence of efficient use of energy besides common descent.
This was part of my effort to rethink evolution... Of course, it is not done yet... So feel free to criticize, suggest points or comment...
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